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WELDING
A Subramanian/Lecturer/AWTI/ICF
Diversity of welding processes
welding
Explosion welding
Consumable electrode Non consumable Other processes
electrode
Gas metal arc welding Laser beam welding
Gas tungsten arc welding
Shielded metal arc Thermit welding
welding Atomic hydrogen
Electron beam welding
welding
Submerged arc welding
Plasma arc welding
Flux cored arc welding
Electrogas welding
Electroslag welding
What is Stainless Steel?
Stainless steel (SS) is a generic term for a
family of corrosion resistant alloy steels
containing 10 wt% or more chromium.
(accidentally discovered in 1913 by English
metallurgist Harry Brearly)
and tools
Could be hardened to 60 Rc
Precipitation Hardening
Precipitation hardening stainless
steels have been formulated so
that they can be supplied in a
solution treated condition, (in
which they are machineable) and
can be hardened, after
fabrication, in a single low
temperature "ageing" process.
PH Stainless steels
The semi-austenitic grades are 17-7 PH and
PH 15-7 . They are austenitic in the annealed
state, but martensitic in the hardened
condition.
17-7 PH stainless has excellent high strength
and fatigue properties, and is used in
aerospace components.
PH 15-7 stainless is used in applications
requiring high strength and hardness, such as
retaining rings, springs and aircraft bulkheads.
Duplex Stainless Steels
These are stainless steels containing
relatively high chromium (between 18 and
28%) and moderate amounts of nickel
(between 4.5 and 8%). The nickel content is
insufficient to generate a fully austenitic
structure and the resulting combination of
ferritic and austenitic structures is called
duplex. Most duplex steels contain
molybdenum in a range of 2.5 - 4%.
Duplex Stainless Steels
Basic properties
high resistance to stress corrosion cracking
increased resistance to chloride ion attack
higher tensile and yield strength than
austenitic or ferritic steels
good weldability and formability
Common uses
marine applications, particularly at slightly
elevated temperatures
desalination plant
heat exchangers
Duplex Stainless Steels
2205 - 0.03 C – 22 Cr - 5.5 Ni - 3.0Mo – 0.15N
Superior corrosion resistance to
316L and 317L, combined with high
strength. Excellent stress corrosion
and abrasion resistance. Typically
used in heat exchangers, gas
scrubbers, fans, chemical tanks,
flow lines, marine and refinery
applications
Duplex Stainless Steels
Kalpakjian
Shielded metal arc welding
Both coatings are of the low-hydrogen
type and both are used in all positions.
However, the type 16 is smoother, has
more welder appeal, and operates better
in the flat position.
The lime type electrodes are more crack
resistant and are slightly better for out-
of-position welding.
The width of weaving should be limited
to two-and-one-half (2 – 1.5d) times the
diameter of the electrode core wire
Shielded metal arc welding
Metallurgical problems
Thank you