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Section A – Introduction
Distribution lines
Transmission lines
Substations
• Porcelain
- M&E (Mechanical & Electrical) Rating
Represents a mechanical test of the unit while energized.
When the porcelain begins to crack, it electrically punctures.
Average ultimate strength will exceed the M&E Rating when new.
- Never Exceed 50% of the M&E Rating
• Porcelain
- Cantilever Rating
Represents the Average Ultimate Strength in Cantilever – when new.
Minimum Ultimate Cantilever of a single unit may be as low as 85%.
- Never Exceed 40% of the Cantilever Rating – Proof Test Load
Other Considerations
• Line Posts –
- Cantilever is only one load
- Transverse (tension or compression) on line post – loading
transverse to the direction of the line.
- Longitudinal – in the direction of travel of the line
- Combined Loading Curve –
Contour curves representing various Longitudinal loads
Available Vertical load as a function of Transverse loading
Manufacturers have different safety factors!!!
2500
VERTICAL LOAD, LBF
2000 0 Longitudinal
500 Longitudinal
1500
1000 Longitudinal
1000
1500 Longitudinal
500 2000 Longitudinal
0
-3000 -2000 -1000 0 1000 2000 3000 LINE POST APPLICATION
Compression
TRANSVERSE LOAD, LBF CURVES
Ten sion
9-12-05
Impulse Over-voltage e=
K. IMPULSE WITHSTAND =
59.1 (line C)
359 kV
What is Leakage
Distance?
“The sum of the shortest
distances measured along
the insulating surfaces
between the conductive
parts, as arranged for dry
flashover test.” 1
• Empirical Determination
- What’s been used successfully?
- If Flashovers occur – add more leak?
Leakage Distance
ESDD (mg/cm2) Site Severity
(“/kV l-g)
2.5
2
IEEE V
Leak ("/kV l-g)
1.5 IEEE I
IEC
Poly. (IEC)
1
Poly. (IEEE V)
Poly. (IEEE I)
0.5
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
ESDD (mg/cm^2)
300
250
200
Flashover Voltage
Porcelain
New EPDM
150 Aged EPDM
New SR
Aged SR
100
CEA 280 T 621
SR units - leakage equal to porcelain
EPDM Units - leakage 1.3 X Porcelain
50
0
0.01 0.1
ESDD (mg/cm^2)
IEEE T&D – Insulators 101
Improved Contamination Performance
CEA 280 T 621, “Leakage Distance Requirements for Composite Insulators Designed for Transmission Lines”
59.1 kV (rms)
e=(line B * 1.414)
I-string – Mechanical
CONTAMINATION LEVEL SUGGESTED LEAKAGE
(typical values) (inches/(kV line-to-ground))
D. ZERO UP TO 1.00
E. LIGHT 1.00 - 1.25
kV INSULATOR
Switching Surge
• Wet W/S
• ((Wet Switching Surge W/S)/√2) ≤ 60 Hz Wet Flashover
• Peak Wet 60 Hz value will be lower than SS wet W/S
Impulse Withstand
• Take Positive or Negative Polarity, whichever is lower
• If only Critical Impulse Flashover is available – assume 90%
(safe estimate for withstand)
Leakage
42” 46”
Distance
Wet Switching
125 kV 240 kV
Surge W/S
NCIs
• Polymers are more susceptible to scissioning due to corona
• UV – short wavelength range – attacks polymer bonds.
• Most short wavelength UV is filtered by the environment
• UV due to corona is not filtered
IEEE T&D – Insulators 101
NCIs and Rings
EL&P Group
IEEE
NEMA
Independents
IEEE T&D – Insulators 101
C29 ANSI C29 Insulator Standards (available on-line at nema.org)
.1 Insulator Test Methods
.2 Wet-process Porcelain & Toughened Glass - Suspensions
.3 Wet-process Porcelain Insulators - Spool Type
.4 “ - Strain Type
.5 “ - Low & Medium Voltage Pin Type
.6 “ - High Voltage Pin Type
.7 “ - High Voltage Line Post Type
.8 “ - Apparatus, Cap & Pin Type
.9 “ - Apparatus, Post Type
.10 “ - Indoor Apparatus Type
.11 Composite Insulators – Test Methods
.12 “ - Suspension Type
.13 “ - Distribution Deadend Type
.17 “ - Line Post Type
.18 “ - Distribution Line Post Type
IEEE T&D – Insulators 101
.19 “ - Station Post Type (under development)
ANSI C29 Insulator Standards
1400
1200
Suspension Insulator
1000
Flashover (kV)
800
Station Post and Line Post
600
400
200
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Dry Arcing Distance (inches)
1200
1000
800
Rated Dry
FOV, kV
600
400
200
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900
Nominal Phase-to-Phase Voltage, kV
C29.8 Ceramic Apparatus Cantilever, tension, & torsion strength X3≥ R 3 sec. tension
Cap & Pin of 3 units each no one xi ≮ .85 R at specified value
Tension
at 50% of R
C29.9 Ceramic Apparatus Cantilever & tension strengths X3 ≥ R or
Post Type of 3 units each no one xi ≮ .85 R 4 quad. bending
at 40% of R