Instructions

GENERAL:
• Enter the room In Time.
• Switch off your mobile phones.
• Don’t use Lap Tops during my lecture.
• Maintain Discipline inside the class.
• Maintain one Separate Note book.
• Note down Sketches, important points and
definitions.

Dept. of Mech & Mfg. Engg. 1

 Instructions
Mark distribution:
Test = 40 marks
Assignment / surprise test = 10 marks
End Sem Exam = 50 marks
Test: 40 marks
• There will be 3 Tests.
• Each test is of 20 marks (10 each from 2 parts)
• Out of 3 tests, best 2 are considered.
Assignment / surprise test:
• There will be 3 assignments / surprise tests.
• Each assignment / surprise test is of 10 marks.
• To award 10 marks, all are considered.
Dept. of Mech & Mfg. Engg. 2
 Reference books
1. Mechanical Engineering Science:
K.R. Gopalakrishna, Subhas Publications
2. Elements of Mechanical Engineering:
Roy & Choudhury, Laxmi Publications Pvt. Ltd

3. Mechanical Engineering Science:

B.K. Mishra, Kumar & Kumar Publishers Pvt. Ltd

4. Mechanical Engineering Science:

R.K Rajput, Laxmi Publications Pvt. Ltd.

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 MES

Part A Part B

1. Properties of steam 1. Transmission of power

2. Steam boilers 2. Machine tools
3. Steam turbines 3. Casting
4. Refrigeration 4. Forging
5. I C engines 5. Welding
6. Lubrication

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 Chapter 1:
PROPERTIES OF STEAM

• Define steam:
• Vapour form of water is called STEAM.

• Water in solid phase: We call it as ICE

• Water in liquid phase: We call it as WATER
• Water in gaseous phase: We call it as STEAM.

Dept. of Mech & Mfg. Engg. 5

 Application of steam
Food processing industry.
Cooking: hotels, restaurants etc.
Used as a working fluid in steam engines
and steam turbines.
Used in industries for process heating.
Petrochemical industry.
Washing/drying/sterilizing in hospitals.
Health clinic / gym.

Dept. of Mech & Mfg. Engg. 6

Formation of steam experiment
• Consider 1 kg
of water at 0oC Cylinder
taken in a
cylinder fitted
Pressure
with a freely ‘P”
moving
frictionless
1 kg
piston as water at
shown in fig. 0oC

Dept. of Mech & Mfg. Engg. 7

 The initial condition of water at 0oC is
represented by the point A on the
temperature-enthalpy graph

Temperature
(T)oC

A Enthalpy
(h)

Dept. of Mech & Mfg. Engg. 8

 A B C D

Fig. 1 Fig. 2 Fig. 3 Fig. 4 Fig. 5

Temperature
(T)oC D
TSup

DOS
TSat B C

A hf hfg Enthalpy
AOS
(h)
Sensible heat Latent heat
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Definitions
• Sensible heat (hf) : It is defined as the
amount of heat required to raise the
temperature of 1 kg of water from 00C to
the saturation temperature Tsat °C at a
given constant pressure.
• Saturation temperature( Tsat): It is
defined as the temperature at which the
water begins to boil at the stated pressure

Dept. of Mech & Mfg. Engg. 10

• Latent heat of evaporation (hfg): It is
defined as the amount of heat required to
evaporate 1 kg of water at saturation
temperature to 1 kg of dry steam at the
same saturation temperature at given
constant pressure
• The temperature of the steam above the
saturation temperature at a given pressure
is called superheated temperature (Tsup)

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• Amount of superheat (AOS) or enthalpy
of superheat: It is defined as the amount
of heat required to increase the
temperature of dry steam from its
saturation temperature to any desired
higher temperature at the given constant
pressure.

• Degree of superheat (DOS): It is the

difference between the superheated
temperature and the saturation
temperature.

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 Different states of steam.
• The steam as it is being generated can
exist in three different states,
• 1. Wet steam
• 2. Dry saturated steam
• 3. Superheated steam.

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 Wet Steam:
• A wet steam is defined as a two-phase
mixture of finely divided water particles
and dry steam in thermal equilibrium at the
saturation temperature corresponding to a
given pressure.

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• The quality of the wet steam is specified by the
dryness fraction which indicates the amount of
dry steam present in the given quantity of wet
steam and is denoted as x.
• The dryness fraction of a steam is defined as the
ratio of mass of the actual dry steam present in a
known quantity of wet steam to the total mass of
the wet steam.

Mass of Dry Steam present in Wet Steam

Dryness fraction, x 
Total Mass of Wet Steam

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• Let mg = Mass of dry steam present in the
sample quantity of wet steam
• mf = Mass of suspended water molecules
in the sample quantity of wet steam
• x = mf+ mg
• mg

• The dryness fraction of the wet steam

will be less than 1.

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 Dry Saturated Steam:
• A saturated steam at the saturation
temperature corresponding to a given
pressure and having no water molecules
entrained in it.

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 Superheated Steam:
• A superheated steam is defined as the
steam which is heated to temperature
higher than its saturated temperature at
the given pressure.

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• Advantages of Superheated Steam:
• At a given pressure, the superheated steam possess
more heat energy compared to dry saturated steam or
wet steam at the same pressure, hence its capacity to do
the work will be higher.
• When superheating is done by the exhausting
combustion gases in a boiler, there will be a saving of
the energy of combustion which improves the thermal
efficiency of the boiler.
• While expanding in a steam turbine it reduces and in
extreme cases prevents the condensation, thus giving
better economy.
• Disadvantages of Superheated Steam:
– The high superheated temperatures poses problems
in the lubrication.
– Higher depreciation and initial cost.

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Enthalpy equations for different states of
steam
a) Enthalpy of Dry saturated Steam:
hg = hf +hfg kJ/kg
Temperature

Tsu D
p
Degree of Superheat

B C
Ts

A Enthalp
hf hfg y
Sensible Latent
Heat Amount of
Heat
Superheat

Dept. of Mech & Mfg. Engg. 20

b) Enthalpy of Wet Steam:

h = hf +x hfg kJ/kg

Temperature

Tsu D
p
Degree of Superheat

B C
Ts

A Enthalp
hf hfg y
Sensible Latent
Heat Amount of
Heat
Superheat

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c) Enthalpy of Superheated Steam:

hsup = hf +hfg + Csup(Tsup - Tsat) kJ/kg

Temperature

Tsu D
p
Degree of Superheat

B C
Ts

A Enthalp
hf hfg y
Sensible Latent
Heat Amount of
Heat
Superheat

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d) Degree of superheat (DOS):

DOS = (Tsup - Tsat)

Temperature

Tsu D
p
Degree of Superheat

B C
Ts

A Enthalp
hf hfg y
Sensible Latent
Heat Amount of
Heat
Superheat

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e) Amount of superheat (AOS):

AOS = Csup (Tsup - Tsat)

Temperature

Tsup D
Degree of Superheat

B C
Ts

A Enthalpy
hf hfg
Sensible Latent Heat
Amount of
Heat
Superheat

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