GROUP AND

ORGANIZATION
Group
• Common motives and goals.
• An accepted division of labor, i.e. roles.
• Established status (social rank, dominance)
relationships.
• Accepted norms and values with reference to
matters relevant to the group.
• Development of accepted sanctions (praise
and punishment) if and when norms were
respected or violated.
Group and Society
 society
• Broadest grouping of people
• Share common set of beliefs,
ideas and attitudes, live in a
definite territory . And
• Consider themselves as a social
unity
Nature and characteristics of
social Groups
 Nature of social group

• Formal Group
• Informal Group
 Formal Group
• It consists rules and regulations, scheduled
meeting times, official roles assigned to
members, such as accountant, secretary or
treasurer, official membership, etc.
• It consists formal sets of philosophy, mission,
vision, and goals as adhered by the motive
for profit or service-oriented enterprise .
• Such groups are created by the
organizational communication in public and
private organization.
 Informal Group
• It lacks the formality of the formal group.
• There may be unwritten rules which
govern the interaction of the group.
• A group of friends , a family, dyad etc.
are some informal groups which help in
developing the sense of belongingness as
interactions are of the common social
interests and issues in the society.
• The German sociologist
Ferdinand Tonnies concept of
Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft
(1887) forms a part on the nature
of social groups.
 Gemeinschaft

• It considers the social interaction of

the rural, peasant societies wherein
the members develop personal
intimate relationships through
natural will spontanesously arising
emotions and expressions of
sentiments.
 Gesselschaft
• The Gesselschaft recognizes the more
impersonal and indirect relations
established among members through
rational will in modern, cosmopolitan
societies with their government
bureaucracies and large industrial
organizations.
 Rao (2011) mentions following essential
characteristics of social groups in his book
Sociology Principles of Sociology
I. Collection of Individuals: (Social group
consists of people. For e.g. college cannot be
formed without students and teachers.
Therefore, a group cannot be imagined
without people.)
II. Interaction among Members : ( Individuals
only does not make a group.
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iii. Mutual awareness: ( The members are inter-
related to each other and they are aware of
one another. Their behaviour is determined by
their mutual recognition.)
iv. We-feeling: A social group must develop a
sense of ‘’we’’ feeling among them.
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• It helps to identify each other in the member
and brings unity.
v. Common Interests and Group Unity or
Solidarity: ( individuals join a group to fulfil the
certain common interests and needs. For e.g.
political group, educational group etc.)
vi. Group Behaviour: ( Group behaviour is the
social process by which people relate and
respond to each other and perform their
respected roles as member of small integrated
clusters.)
vii. Groups Norms: (Every group has its own
rules and norms. Like customs, folkways,
traditions, etc should be followed by the
members of group. Every group has its own
ways and means of rewarding , correcting ,
and punishing those who go against the rules.)
viii. Size of the Group: ( size doesn’t matter .
Either husband-wife, or political party.)
ix. Groups are Dynamic: ( experience gets changes due to
internal or external forces.)
x. Influence on personality : ( Provides opportunities of
interactions for its members where they can sharpen
and flourish their talent and skills. Every human being
learns the cultural aspects, norms, beliefs etc. from the
members of his group, which help to adapt in the
environment.)
xi. Stability: group can be permanent or temporary in
nature. For e.g. family school group are relatively more
permanent and more stable then others.)
 Classification of Groups:
• Primary Groups
• Secondary Groups
 Primary group
• According to Charles Horton Cooley , “ primary group
as close relationships that directly aid in a child’s
development , such as the family, children’s play
groups, and the neighbourhood, local brotherhood,
friends club , peer group in which the child lives.
• Interaction among people because they value one
another since the interpersonal relationships are the
primary purpose of such groups.
They are small and they develop intimate, caring and
fulfilling relationships.
They are emotionally close, know each other well and
seek each other’s company.
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• They are also called face-to-face groups.
• They are also referred to as the ‘We- groups’,
which involve the kind of sympathy and
mutual identification.
• CHARACTERISTICS
• They are very close to each other.
• Smaller in size.
• Live in a particular area.
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• Relatively a permanent group.
• The members consist similar social
background and interests.
• Communication among the members is quick
and effective.
 Secondary Groups

• ‘ special interest groups’ (people) who share

only part of their lives while focusing on a goal
or task .With the expansion in population and
territory of a society, larger church, the
factory, the army, a university etc. are growing
and which are called secondary groups.
• Members of secondary groups, for e.g.
shopkeeper-customers interact involving only
part of their personality.
 Characteristics
• Large in size, certain interests, have non-inclusive
relations.
• Secondary group are bigger in size. For e.g. city,
nation, Lions clubs, etc.
• Most of the secondary groups is voluntary
so..members can join or leave the group at their
will.
• The members don’t often have physical nearness.
• Sometimes the members often do not have direct
communication.
 Factors Affecting Group formation
• We know that, human societies are sub-divided
into small groups . For e.g. families, gangs, clans,
and tribes, and the influence of these groups on
individual members is considerable.
• Virtually all social activities-working, learning,
playing and even sleeping-occur in groups rather
than in isolation from others.
• There are various factors, which influence the
formation of groups in society.
According to Rao(2011), the major
factors of group formation are
follows..
• Psychological Factors: (we learn new ideas,
habits, and attitudes only in the environment
of group.)
• Biological Factors: ( family , desire of sex all
are universal.)
• Kinship Bond:(blood relationship like father ,
son , daughter have a strong bond and unity.)
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• Geographic Factors: ( Awesome geographical
environment like the bank of rivers, lakes , valley
have more attracted more and more people there
such awesome environment play their role in
helping people to live a common life as well as to
create social relations.)
• Cultural Factors:(have enforced people to come
together and live in a group.)
• Economic Factors:(basic needs, foods are fulfilled
by groups.)
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• Religious Factors: (bond the people in a one
circular area in the name of god and other
religion factors in a group)
• Political Factors:(similar political ideology form
a political group.)
 Organization
• Daft (1998) defines Organization “ are social
entities that are goal directed are designed as
deliberately structured and coordinated
activity systems and are linked to the external
environment .”
• Nature and Characteristics of Organization
• It consist of peoples( where there is
interaction and work people in certain
hierarchical lines.)
 Characteristics of social organization
• A Definite purpose: ( have common purpose)
• Unanimity or consensus among the Members:(mutual
understanding , co-operation and consciousness
among the members of an organization. )
• Harmony between statuses and Roles: ( status and
roles are assigns to the members where these status
and roles are conditioned by many factors like birth,
sex, age .)
• Control of the organization on the behaviour of the
individuals: ( rules and regulation creation in group.)
 Formal and Informal Organization

• The organization like banks, colleges, trade

unions, etc that has formal procedures to define
roles and regulate relations.
• A formal organization may consist of a number of
informal organizations such as ..( gangs,
friendship group etc.) they have specific
objectives.
• Informal Organization refers to a group members
tied by informal and face-to-face relations to
share their happiness, sorrows, fears, hopes , etc
to each other.(frnship , gang)
 Weber’s Bureaucracy

• According to Weber, bureaucracy is technically far

superior to any other organization as it employs
specialists to achieve its goals and does not allow
personal emotions to interfere in its working.
• Characteristics of bureaucracy……
1. Has fixed areas of power governed by authority.
2. Has certain hierarchy of authority.
3. Work on the basis of experiences, qualification.
4. Fixed salary, pension according to their ranks.
5. Provision of promotion .
 Criticisms on Weber’s Theory of
Bureaucracy
• Weber has failed to distinguish clearly between
different types and sub-types of highly organized
bureaucracy therefore, his hypothesis needs more
empirical verification and specification.
• Organizational Sociology : It is type of modern
societies .(individual work with each others of the
society in an organized way to achieve their
inetended social objectives to tackle the
complexity of social life.
 Work and leisure
• Work is considered to be paid employment, but
also includes unpaid domestic and childcare work
and some community voluntary activity .
• Leisure as the opposite of work, that is, leisure as
detachment , passivity, and general absence of
effort is not reconcilable with work, but leisure as
interest, pleasurable activity, and a general sense
of creative self-expression can be seen as
continuous with some aspects of work.
 Group Dynamics
• Group dynamics is a branch of social
psychology which studies problems involving
the structure of a group.
• Group dynamics is the scientific discipline
devoted to studying groups and group
process.
• The study of it can be helpful in understanding
decision making behaviour, creating effective
therapy techniques and new ideas .
 Dynamics of social Capital

• Dynamics of social capital is the study of social

norms, trust, and social networks. Social
Capital , thus, refers to as shared norms, trust,
and social networks that facilitate
coordination and cooperation among people
to manage natural resources and resolve
conflicts for mutually beneficial collective
action.
 Advantages of social capital
• It brings the several concepts such as social
support .
• Social capital facilitates higher levels of, and
growth in , GDP.
• It is important variable in educational sector,
health sector and other too.
• Business (national and international ) is affected
by social capital.
• It helps in problem solving and maintaining
societal wellbeing.
•THANK YOU ALL OF YOU
FOR CO-OPERATING
AND WE ALL ARE PART
OF SOCIOLOGY.