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• supporting cells
• supply nutrients to the neurons and
help maintain the electrical
potential
• also form part of the blood-brain
barrier
THE NEUROGLIA
• OLIGODENDROCYTES: produce
myelin sheath in the CENTRAL
NERVOUS SYTEM
PNS
NERVOUS SYSTEM
CENTRAL PERIPHERAL
NERVOUS NERVOUS
SYSTEM SYSTEM
SOMATIC/ AUTONOMIC/
VOLUNTARY INVOLUNTARY
NERVOUS NERVOUS
SYSTEM SYSTEM
THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
THALAMUS PONS
HYPOTHALAMUS MEDULLA
OBLONGATA
Lateral ventricle
Third ventricle
Fourth ventricle
• Cranio-sacral location
• Cranial nerves- 3, 7, 9, 10 and S2-S4
• CHOLINERGIC system
• The vegetative system
• Feed and Breed/ Rest and Digest
responses
• Neurotransmitter is Acetylcholine
SYMPATHETIC PARASYMPATHETIC
NERVOUS SYSTEM NERVOUS SYTEM
• FIGHT OR FLIGHT • REST AND DIGEST
• ADRENERGIC RESPONSE • CHOLINERGIC RESPONSE
• EPINEPHRINE • ACETYLCHOLINE
• INCREASE IN HEART • DECREASE IN HEART
FUNCTION
FUNCTION
• INCREASE IN GIT FUNCTION
• DECREASE IN GIT FUNCTION
• VASODILATION
• VASOCONSTRICTION • BRONCHOSPASM
• BRONCHODILATION • MIOSIS (CONSTRICTION)
• MYDRIASIS (DILATION) • BLADDER CONTRACTION
• BLADDER RELAXATION (INCREASE IN U/O)
(DECREASE IN U/O) • ERECTION
• EJACULATION • DEFECATION (RELAXED
• SWEATING SPHINCTER)
NERVE PHYSIOLOGY
• The nerve cells are excitable cells
• Any stimulus will change the
membrane potential and cause
an action potential to generate
impulse transmission.
• Myelin Sheath: responsible for the
SALTATORY conduction
increases the nerve transmission.
FIG. 8.11
FIG. 8.12
THE SYNAPSE
• The region where communication
occurs between 2 neurons or between
a neuron and a target cell.
• Nose
TASTE BUDS:
• THESE ARE THE RECEPTOR CELLS FOR TASTE.