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Contents
1. What means HGV 3
2. Introduction to aerodynamics 4
3. Assumptions made In Aerodynamics 7
4. aerodynamic simulations 8
5. What is the challenge of aerodynamics 12
on HGV….?
6. What is the solution to reduce drag? 17
7. Development…? 22
8. Reference 25

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 WHAT MEANS HGV…..?

According to British standards, a goods vehicles of over gross combination mass

3,500kg to 12,000kg,which is still often referred to as an HGV or

Heavy Goods Vehicle.

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INTRODUCTION TO AERODYNAMICS
 Aerodynamics is a branch of fluid dynamics concerned with the study
of forces acting on objects moving through the air.
 The solution of an aerodynamic problem normally involves calculating
for various properties of the flow, such as velocity, pressure, density,
and temperature, as a function of space and time.

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 Assumptions Made In Aerodynamics
 Continuity Assumption: properties such as density, pressure, temperature,
and velocity are taken to be well-defined at infinitely small points, and are
assumed to vary continuously from one point to another. The discrete,
molecular nature of a gas is ignored.
 Conservation laws:
Conservation of mass: Matter is not created or destroyed. If a certain mass
of fluid enters a volume, it must either exit the volume or increase the mass
inside the volume.
Conservation of momentum: Also called Newton's second law of motion
Conservation of energy: Although it can be converted from one form to
another, the total energy in a given system remains constant

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 AERODYNAMIC DRAG
 When a Object moves, the air exerts a force on the object that resists
its motion. This force is the aerodynamic drag

Coefficient of drag (Cd): This is a number that is a measure of an

object’s resistance to the fluid it passes through.lower numbers
meaning the object has greater aerodynamic properties.
 p is the density of the air, A is the vehicle cross-sectional
reference area and V is the wind velocity, which in this equation must
be squared, then divided by two.
In case of automobile this number should be as low as possible.

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COMPONENTS OF DRAG

 Aerodynamic drag has two components.

Form or pressure drag. Pressure drag is almost 80% responsible for
the total aerodynamic drag
Skin friction drag : The skin friction drag is caused by the shear
forces acting on the sides of vehicle and contributes only 20% of the
total aerodynamic drag.

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AERODYNAMIC SIMULATION
 COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS
CFD is a tool to analyze fluid flow. CFD is meant for engineers
designing products that relate to the flow of gases or liquids, heat
transfer and fluid forces on solids .
Advantage of using CFD simulation :-
- Costs incurred in time and resources are much less than experimental
testing.
- This cost advantage comes with no compromise on the accuracy of
the results.
- Another advantage of CFD is that it need not wait for the design to be
complete. CFD analysis is done on a parallel basis along with the
design phase and hence further timesavings.
- All information can be used in future.
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Steps involved in CFD Simulations

 The geometry (physical bounds) of the problem is defined.

 The volume occupied by the fluid is divided into discrete cells (the
mesh).
 The physical modelling is defined.
 Boundary conditions are defined. This involves specifying the fluid
behaviour and properties at the boundaries of the problem. For
transient problems, the initial conditions are also defined.
 The equations are solved iteratively as a steady-state or transient.
 Analysis and visualization of the resulting solution.

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CFD analysis demonstrates how aerodynamic
drag occurs behind the cab and behind the trailer

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By using Concept Truck

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What is the challenge of aerodynamics
on HGV….?

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Peterbilt introduced its first full-
body aeroinfluenced
truck design, the Model 377 A/E,
in 1986.

A modified version of Peterbiltʼs

innovative Model 372 produced 11
miles per gallon in road testing in
1988.

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Airflow pattern around an Unaerodynamic truck

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 What is the solution to reduce drag?
 Tractor Aerodynamics:
-By using roof fairings (an integrated air deflector mounted on the top of
the cab).
-Cab extenders (known as gap seals, which reduce the gap between the
tractor and the trailer)
-Side fairings.
-And a front bumper air dam (to reduce air flow beneath the truck)
 Trailer Aerodynamics:
-Reducing trailer gap from 45 to 25 inches could improve fuel economy as
much as 2 percent.
-By using side skirts can improve fuel economy by up to 5 percent.
-Reduce drag by arranging cargo as low and smooth as possible.

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Reducing Drag by using streamline flow

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 By using Nosecone
 Nosecone smoothes airflow over the whole pan by reducing turbulence and
drag at sides and rear.

Side Forces without nosecone Side Forces with nosecone 20

Position of Load

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Development…?

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 REFERENCES

 http://www.scania.co.uk/technology (Scania Ltd).

 http://www.cfdrc.com (CFD Research Corporation).
 http://www.wikipedia.org (Online Encyclopedia).
 http://www.howstuffworks.com
 http://www.nosecone.com.au (Nosecone the wind
 deflector)
 http://www.nasa.gov
 http://www.google.com

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