DIFFERENTIAL

EQUATIONS
Differential equations are two types.

1. Ordinery differential equations:Equations which

involves one independent varial
2. Partial differential equations:Equations which
involves morethan two independent variables
FORMATION OF DEFERENTIAL
EQUATION
Observe the number of orbitrary constants
in the given equation (n constants)
If it consists one oc differentiate the
equatiion once w.r.t. x
If it consists n oc differentiate it n times
From these n differentialequations and
given equation eliminate the n oc
The obtained eqaution which is free from
oc is the required de of the given equation
 I ORDER AND I DEG
REE DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
The geneneral form of I order Idegree DE is dy/dx = f(x,y) or
dy/dx = f(x,y)/g(x,y) or
Mdx + Ndy = 0

Types of differential equations:

Variable separable type
Homogeneous equations and equations reducible to Homogeneous
equations
Exact equations and equations reducible to exact by use of
integrating factors
Linear equations and Bernoullis equations

To solve above different DEs there are different methods

 VARIABLE SEPARABLE
The equation in which the variables are
separable is called variable separable eqn
To solve it separate the variables and its
differential coefficients and integrate them
Ex:- dy/dx = √1+y2/1+x2 = 0
HOMOGENEOUS EQUATIONS
An equation in which the degree of the each term is
equal
Ex:- (x2 + y2)dx = 2xydy
Method to solve it
Substitute y = vx and dy/dx = v + x dv/dx
After substitution the given equation converts into
variable separable form in which variables are x,v
Separate the variables and integrate it
Replace ‘v’ with y/x to get the solution
 EXACT DIFFERENTIAL
EQUATIONS
If the given equation in the form Mdx + ndy = 0 and if
dM/dy = dN/dx
that eqn is called exact equation

Solution for exact equation

y = ∫y constant Mdx + ∫(terms independent of x in N)dy = c

Ex :- (2x – y + 1) dx + (2y – x – 1) dy = 0

M = (2x – y + 1) N = (2y – x – 1)
dM/dy = -1 dN/dx = -1
dM/dy = dN/dx - Exact
Sol:- ∫(2x – y +1) dx+ ∫ (2y – 1) dy = c
═> x2 – yx + x + y2 – y = c
 EQUATIONS REDUCIBLE TO
EXACT
We can reduce the non-exact equation into exact by using integrating
facotrs(If) There are different integrating factors.
1. If M(x,y)dx + N(x,y)dy = 0 is a homogeneous differetial equation and
Mdx + Ndy ≠ 0 then 1/Mx + Ny is an integrating factor
2. If M(x,y)dx + N(x,y)dy = 0 is of the form y f(xy) dx + x g(xy)dy = 0
Mx – Ny ≠ 0 then 1/Mx - Ny is an integrating factor
3. If dm/dy- dN/dx / N = f(x) then integrating factor is e∫ f(x)dx
4. If dN/dx- dM/dy / M= f(y) then integrating factor is e∫ f(y)dy
 LINEAR DIFFERENTIAL
EQUATIONS
An euation of the form dy/dx +
P(x) y = Q(x) is called a linear differential

Solution :-
1. Write integrating factor e∫p(x) dx
2. Solution is given by y e∫p(x) dx = ∫Q(x) e∫p(x)
dx dx + c

Note:- Sometimes it is convenient to put the DE in

the form dx/dy P(y)x = Q(y). In this case the
solution is xe∫p(y) dxy= ∫Q(y) e∫p(y)dy dy +c
 Bernoulli’s Differential equation
An equation of the form dy/dx + P(x)y = Q(x)yn is called Bernoullis
equation

Working rule for solution:-

1. Divide the given equation with yn
2. Substitute y1-n = t and (1-n)y-ndy/dx = du/dx
3. By the above substitution and simplification the given equation converts
into linear differential equation in t and this can be solved by known
method
4. Finally replace t with y1-n
APPLICATION OF I ORDER AND I
DEGREE DE
Orthogonal trajectories
Newton’s law of cooling
Law of natural growth and decay
ORTHOGONAL TRAJECORIES
Finding OTs in cartesian coordinates
1. Form a differential equation for the given equation by eliminatin
orbitrary constantas
2. Replace dy/dx with –dx/dy
3. Solve the obtained differential equation by using any one of the
known method to get the OT of the given equation

Finding OT in polar coordinates

1. Form a DE for the given equation of the form f(r,θ,c) = 0
2. Replace dr/dθ with – r2 dθ/dr
3. Solve the obtained differential equation by using any one of the
known method to get the OT of the given equation