Assoc. Prof. Florence F. Ledesma, MS, M.Ed.

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After studying, you should be able to
 carry out a one & two sample t-test;
 identify the features that influence the power
of a test.

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 One Sample Mean Test
 Two (Independent) Sample Mean Test
 Paired (Dependent) T-Test

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TEST STATISTIC
HYPOTHESIS
TESTING

T-test
(sample
mean)

One sample mean test Two sample mean test

One-tailed test Two-tailed test

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 Procedures in Hypothesis Testing

1. Formulate the null and alternative hypothesis.

2. Choose a level of significance.
3. Choose the appropriate test statistic and
Compute the value of the statistical test
4. Establish the critical region
5. Make a decision
Decision Rule: Do not accept Ho if the test
statistic value lies inside the critical region,
otherwise accept Ho
6. State the appropriate conclusion.

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 Decision Types of Error

H0 is true H0 is false

Reject Ho Type 1 error (alpha) Correct decision (1-beta)

Fail to reject Ho Correct decision (1-alpha) Type 2 error (beta)

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 t- distribution
 Symmetrical about the mean
 Degree of freedom
 More variable than standardized normal
distribution
 n < 30
 test the difference between means

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 (X – μ)
(X–μ)√n
t = ------------
or t = ----------------
s
s
√n

df = n – 1
n < 30

* The result is called as the Student-Fisher Distribution or

simply t-distribution for the t-test. The use of t-test
includes the use of the degrees of freedom of the
distribution (df).
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t table with right tail probabilities
df\p 0.40 0.25 0.10 0.05 0.025 0.01 0.005 0.0005
1 0.324920 1.000000 3.077684 6.313752 12.70620 31.82052 63.65674 636.6192
2 0.288675 0.816497 1.885618 2.919986 4.30265 6.96456 9.92484 31.5991
3 0.276671 0.764892 1.637744 2.353363 3.18245 4.54070 5.84091 12.9240
4 0.270722 0.740697 1.533206 2.131847 2.77645 3.74695 4.60409 8.6103
5 0.267181 0.726687 1.475884 2.015048 2.57058 3.36493 4.03214 6.8688

6 0.264835 0.717558 1.439756 1.943180 2.44691 3.14267 3.70743 5.9588

7 0.263167 0.711142 1.414924 1.894579 2.36462 2.99795 3.49948 5.4079
8 0.261921 0.706387 1.396815 1.859548 2.30600 2.89646 3.35539 5.0413
9 0.260955 0.702722 1.383029 1.833113 2.26216 2.82144 3.24984 4.7809
10 0.260185 0.699812 1.372184 1.812461 2.22814 2.76377 3.16927 4.5869

11 0.259556 0.697445 1.363430 1.795885 2.20099 2.71808 3.10581 4.4370

12 0.259033 0.695483 1.356217 1.782288 2.17881 2.68100 3.05454 4.3178
13 0.258591 0.693829 1.350171 1.770933 2.16037 2.65031 3.01228 4.2208
14 0.258213 0.692417 1.345030 1.761310 2.14479 2.62449 2.97684 4.1405
15 0.257885 0.691197 1.340606 1.753050 2.13145 2.60248 2.94671 4.0728

16 0.257599 0.690132 1.336757 1.745884 2.11991 2.58349 2.92078 4.0150

17 0.257347 0.689195 1.333379 1.739607 2.10982 2.56693 2.89823 3.9651
18 0.257123 0.688364 1.330391 1.734064 2.10092 2.55238 2.87844 3.9216
19 0.256923 0.687621 1.327728 1.729133 2.09302 2.53948 2.86093 3.8834
20 0.256743 0.686954 1.325341 1.724718 2.08596 2.52798 2.84534 3.8495

21 0.256580 0.686352 1.323188 1.720743 2.07961 2.51765 2.83136 3.8193

22 0.256432 0.685805 1.321237 1.717144 2.07387 2.50832 2.81876 3.7921
23 0.256297 0.685306 1.319460 1.713872 2.06866 2.49987 2.80734 3.7676
24 0.256173 0.684850 1.317836 1.710882 2.06390 2.49216 2.79694 3.7454
25 0.256060 0.684430 1.316345 1.708141 2.05954 2.48511 2.78744 3.7251

26 0.255955 0.684043 1.314972 1.705618 2.05553 2.47863 2.77871 3.7066

27 0.255858 0.683685 1.313703 1.703288 2.05183 2.47266 2.77068 3.6896
28 0.255768 0.683353 1.312527 1.701131 2.04841 2.46714 2.76326 3.6739
29 0.255684 0.683044 1.311434 1.699127 2.04523 2.46202 2.75639 3.6594
30 0.255605 0.682756 1.310415 1.697261 2.04227 2.45726 2.75000 3.6460 9
inf 0.253347 0.674490 1.281552 1.644854 1.95996 2.32635 2.57583 3.2905
The average pulse rate of a normal person is 80.
The pulse rate of 16 patients from Neurology
ward are.

80 75 72 74 89 70 65 73
67 82 100 68 66 79 89 78

Can we say that the patient’s pulse rate is below

the accepted norm at 0.05 level?

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H0: The patient’s pulse rate is within or above the
accepted norm.
H1: The patient’s pulse rate is below the accepted norm.
α = 0.05 (X–μ)√n
t = ----------------
One-sample t-test: SPSS s

Critical region: - 1.753 & t-test: -1.370

P-value: 0.191 > 0.05
Decision: Accept the null hypothesis

Conclusion: The patient’s pulse rate is within the

accepted norm 11
One Sample Mean Test

The average age of care givers working in a

nursing home is 19 years old. A civic oriented
group made a recent survey on the age of the
care givers working in the same locality. The
following are the random sample of 20 using the
0.05 level of significance.

16 20 18 16 15 17 21 16 24 15
13 15 12 14 19 20 13 17 14 21

Has the age of care givers gone lower?

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H0: the average age of care givers is 19 years old
H1: the average age of care givers gone lower

α = 0.05 ( 16.8 – 19 ) √ 20
t = ------------------- = - 3.08
One-sample t-test: SPSS 3.19

Critical region: - 1.729 & t-test: -3.085

P-value: 0.006 < 0.05

Decision: Reject null hypothesis.

Conclusion: The average age of care givers gone lower

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19.6 29.9
23.8 17.7
19.6 24  A researcher determines
29.1 28.9 the BMI index of geriatrics
from Tondo. Using 0.05
25.2 37.7
level of significance, is the
21.4 18.3 BMI index of geriatrics are
22 29.8 within the accepted norm?
27.5 29.7
33.5 31.7
20.6 23.8

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 Compare the means of two independent
groups
 Data are normally distributed
 Data are expressed in interval and ratio.
 N < 30

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 (X1 – X2)
t = -------------------------
1 1
s12 (n1 - 1) + s22 (n2 - 1)
Sp ------ + -------
n1 n2 Sp = --------------------------------
n1 + n2 - 2
or
(X1 – X2)
t =----------------------------------------------------------
s12 (n1 - 1) + s22 (n2 - 1) 1 1
---------------------------- ------ + -------
n1 + n 2 - 2 n1 n2
Where:
X1 = mean of one sample df = n1 + n2 - 2
X2 = mean of the other sample
S12 = sample variance of one sample
S22 = sample variance of the other sample
n1 = size of the sample
n2 = size of the other sample 16
Two (Independent) Sample Mean Test

 The blood components in ml of packed red blood

cells and cryoprecipitate were analyzed. Using a
0.05 level, Is there a significant difference in the mean
content of the two blood components?

247 230 220 245 250 256 243 227 220 237
220 236 240 229 239 248 230 240 255 229
246 228 260 256 218 219 237 245 240 222
236 248 230 205 235 210 207 246 239 234
247 225 239 240 236
Cryoprecipitate
Packed Red Blood Cell
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H0: There is no significant difference between the mean
content of packed RBC from two blood bank.
H1: There is a significant difference between the mean
content of packed RBC from two blood bank.
α = 0.05
Two-sample t-test: SPSS

Critical region: approximately 2.017 & t-test: 0.507

p-value: 0.615 > 0.05
Decision: Accept null hypothesis

Conclusion: There is no significant difference between

the mean content of packed RBC & Cryoprecipitate.
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Two (Independent) Sample Mean Test

A researcher examine the cholesterol level

results of patients from San Vicente ward and
Santo Domingo ward. Is there any evidence to
show that the patients from San Vicente ward
have better cholesterol level than those from
the Santo Domingo ward using the 0.05 level?
Normal cholesterol value is < 200 mg/dl.

SV 264 281 267 384 98 62 126 89 531 130

SD 175 44 80 112 462 62 98 447 125 318

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H0: There is no significant difference between the
mean cholesterol level of SV and SD ward.
H1: There is a significant difference between the
mean cholesterol level of SV and SD ward.
α = 0.05
Two-sample t-test: SPSS
Critical region: approximately 2.101 & t-test: 0.447
p-value: 0.660 > 0.05
Decision: Accept null hypothesis

Conclusion: There is no significant difference between

the mean cholesterol of SV and SD ward.
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X1 X2
14 12 The following are the
18 9 laboratory results in
17 11 hemoglobin of 10 male (X1) and
16 5 10 female(X2) patients. Test the
4 10 null hypothesis that there is no
significant difference between
14 3
the hemoglobin of male and
12 7
female patients. Use the t-test
10 2
at 0.05 level of significance.
9 6
17 13

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1.0 1.5
9.8 12.0 Two groups of experimental
13.2 7.4 rats were injected with a
11.2 9.8 tranquilizer at 1.0 mg and 1.5
9.5 11.5 mg dose respectively. The
13.0 13.0 time given in seconds that
took them to fall asleep is
12.1 12.5
hereby given. Use 0.01
9.8 9.8
significance to test the null
12.3 10.5
hypothesis that the difference
7.9 13.5
in dosage has no effect on the
10.2 length of time it took them to
9.7 fall asleep.
 samples are drawn from the same population
 difference exists between the before and after
means.
 used in experimental design to test the
effectiveness of a certain technique or method
or program that had developed.
 d
t = ------------ ∑d2 - (∑d)2 / n
sd / √ n sd = ---------------------
-
n-1
or
D = the mean
d(√n) difference between
t = ------------------------ the pretest and the
2 2
∑d - (∑d) / n posttest.
----------------------
n–1
D = ∑d/n
df = n - 1

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Paired (Dependent) t- tests

Wt. in lb Wt. in lb
before after
A random sample of 1 160 156
10 female adults were
taken, to test the 2 144 142
effectiveness of a 3 137 134
reducing pill. Their 4 152 150
weight before taking
the pill and the weight 5 159 154
10 days after the pill 6 158 153
had been taken were
recorded as follows: 7 149 146
8 164 159
9 147 145
10 156 152
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H0: There is no significant difference between the mean
weight before & after taking the reducing pills.
H1: There is a significant difference between the mean
weight before & after taking the reducing pills.

α = 0.05
Paired t-test: SPSS
Critical region: approximately 2.262 & t-test: 8.720
p-value: 0.000 < 0.05
Decision: Do not accept null hypothesis.

Conclusion: The reducing pill is effective.

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Paired (Dependent) t- tests X1 X2
20 25
30 35
10 25
15 25
An experimental study was 20 20
conducted on the effect of 10 20
programmed materials in 18 22
Statistic on the performance 14 20
of 20 selected college 15 20
students. Before the 20 15
program was implemented 18 30
the pretest was administered 15 10
and after 5 months the same 15 16
instrument was used to get 20 25
the posttest result. The 18 10
following is the result of the 40 45
experiment. 10 15
10 10
12 18 27
20 25
H0: there is no significant difference between the
mean level of performances before & after
H1: there is a significant difference between the
mean level of performances before & after
α = 0.05
Paired t-test: SPSS
Critical region: approximately 2.093 & t-test: 3.173
P-value: 0.005 < 0.05
Decision: Do not accept null hypothesis

Conclusion: Thus, the posttest result is higher than the

pretest result. It implies the use of the programmed
materials in statistic is effective.
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RH MH
53 58.1 As part of the National Health
64 62.7 Survey conducted by the
61 61.1
Department of Health and Human
Services, self-reported heights and
66 64.8
measured heights were obtained
64 63.2
for females aged 12-16. Listed
65 66.4
below are sample results. Is there
68 67.6 sufficient evidence to support the
63 63.5 claim that there is a difference
64 66.8 between self-reported heights and
64 63.9 measured heights of female aged
64 62.1 12-16? Use a 0.05 significance level.
67 68.5
“Always aim at complete harmony of
thought and word and deed. Always
aim at purifying your thoughts and
everything will be well.”
- Mahatma Gandhi