STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS - I

Fourth Semester

Kosygin L
 Introduction to
Structural Analysis
Structural analysis is the prediction of the performance of a given structure under
prescribed loads and/or other external effects, such as support movements and
temperature changes.
The performance characteristics commonly of interest in the design of structures are
1. Stresses or stress resultants, such as axial forces, shear forces, and
bending moments;
2. Deflections; and
3. Support reactions.

Thus, the analysis of a structure usually involves determination of these quantities as caused by a given loading condition.
ROLE OF STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS IN STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING PROJECTS

1. Planning Phase The planning phase usually involves the

establishment of the functional requirements of the proposed
structure, the general layout and dimensions of the structure,
consideration of the possible types of structures (e.g., rigid frame or
truss) that may be feasible and the types of materials to be used
(e.g., structural steel or reinforced concrete). This phase may also
involve consideration of non-structural factors, such as aesthetics,
environmental impact of the structure, and so on. The outcome of
this phase is usually a structural system that meets the functional
requirements and is expected to be the most economical. This phase
is perhaps the most crucial one of the entire project and requires
experience and knowledge of construction practices in addition to a
thorough understanding of the behaviour of structures.

2. Preliminary Structural Design In the preliminary structural

design phase, the sizes of the various members of the structural
system selected in the planning phase are estimated based on
approximate analysis, past experience, and code requirements. The
member sizes thus selected are used in the next phase to estimate
the weight of the structure.
3. Estimation of Loads Estimation of loads involves
determination of all the loads that can be expected to act on the
structure.
4. Structural Analysis In structural analysis, the values of
the loads are used to carry out an analysis of the structure in
order to determine the stresses or stress resultants in the
members and the deflections at various points of the structure.

5. Safety and Serviceability Checks The results of the analysis

are used to determine whether or not the structure satisfies the
safety and serviceability requirements of the design codes. If
these requirements are satisfied, then the design drawings and
the construction specifications are prepared, and the construction
phase begins.

6. Revised Structural Design If the code requirements are not

satisfied, then the member sizes are revised, and phases 3
through 5 are repeated until all the safety and serviceability
requirements are satisfied.
Loads on Structures
Dead Loads
Live Loads
Impact
Wind Loads
Snow Loads
Earthquake Loads
Hydrostatic and Soil Pressures
Thermal and Other Effects
 UNIT -1
DEFLECTION OF DETERMINATE STRUCTURES
 What deflections in structures?

Why is it necessary to compute deflections in structures ?

methods used for computation of deflections in structures.

Structure is generally classified into two categories as

1. Determinate and
2. Indeterminate Structures or Redundant Structures

for analysis of structures to find forces based on criteria discussed

below.

Structure is an assemblage of a number of components like slabs,

beams, columns, walls, foundations and so on, which remains in
equilibrium. It has to satisfy the fundamental criteria of strength,
stiffness, economy, durability and compatibility, for its existence.
Any structure is designed for the stress resultants of bending
moment, shear force, deflection, torsional stresses, and axial
stresses. If these moments, shears and stresses are evaluated at
various critical sections, then based on these, the proportioning
can be done.

Evaluation of these stresses, moments and forces and plotting

them for that structural component is known as analysis.
Determination of dimensions for these components of these
stresses and proportioning is known as design.
Determinate structures are analysed just by the use of basic equilibrium equations. By
this analysis, the unknown reactions are found for the further determination of
stresses.

Redundant or indeterminate structures are not capable of being

analysed by mere use of basic equilibrium equations. Along with the
basic equilibrium equations, some extra conditions are required to
be used like compatibility conditions of deformations etc to get
the unknown reactions for drawing bending moment and shear
force diagrams.
Example of determinate structures are: simply supported
beams, cantilever beams, single and double overhanging beams,
three hinged arches, etc.
Examples of indeterminate structures are: fixed beams,
continuous beams, fixed arches, two hinged arches, portals,
multistoried frames, etc.
Special methods like strain energy method, slope deflection method,
moment distribution method, column analogy method, virtual work
method, matrix methods, etc are used for the analysis of redundant
structures.
Indeterminate Structures
A structure is termed as statically indeterminate, if it can not be
analysed from principles of statics alone,

A statically indeterminate structure may be classified as:

1.Externally indeterminate, (example: continuous beams and frames
shown in figure-1(a) and (b)).
2.Internally indeterminate, (example: trusses shown in figure-1(c)
and (d)).
3.Both externally and internally indeterminate, (example: trussed
beams, continuous trusses shown in figure-1 (e) and (f)).
Difference Between Determinate and Indeterminate Structures
S. No. Determinate Structures Indeterminate Structures

Equilibrium conditions are fully adequate Conditions of equilibrium are not

1
to analyze the structure. adequate to fully analyze the structure.

Bending moment or shear force at any Bending moment or shear force at any
2 section is independent of the material section depends upon the material
property of the structure. property.
The bending moment or shear force at any The bending moment or shear force at
3 section is independent of the cross-section any section depends upon the cross-
or moment of inertia. section or moment of inertia.
Temperature variations do not cause
4 Temperature variations cause stresses.
stresses.

5 No stresses are caused due to lack of fit. Stresses are caused due to lack of fit.

Extra conditions like compatibility of

Extra conditions like compatibility of
displacements are required to analyze
6 displacements are not required to analyze
the structure along with the equilibrium
the structure.
equations.