Earthquake

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 INTRODUCTION

• The vibrations produced by earthquakes are

detected, recorded, and measured by
instruments called as seismographs.

• From the data expressed in seismograms,

scientists can determine the time, the epicenter,
the focal depth, and the type of faulting of an
earthquake and can estimate how much energy
was released.
Seismograph
• A seismograph is an instrument that measures ground motions most
probably caused by earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and explosions.
Records of seismic waves allow seismologists to locate and measure
the size of events like the above mentioned.
Development Of The First Seismographs
The first
seismograph
called a
seismoscope
made by the
chinese
scholar Zhang
Heng as eraly
as 132 AD.
Luigi Palmieri, in 1855 designed a seismograph that
records the time of occurrence of an earthquake
John Milne, in 1888
created a horizontal
pendulum
seismograph that
became the basis of
the modern
seismographs used
today.
Today’s electronic Seismograph
Basic Parts of a seismograph

•The seismometer- is
the sensor of the
seismograph.
Recorder
How does a seismic station works?
Seismograms are the data produced from the seismic
waves received by the seismometers .The seismogram
is used to identify the magnitude and the location of
an earthquake occurrence.
Seismic waves- waves of energy that travels
through the Earth’s Layers
Types of seismic waves:
• Body waves- travel through the interior of the earth
• P, Primary or Compression Waves , the fastest wave to
travel,able to move through both solid and liquid, they
compress and oscillate the ground back and forth in the
direction of the travel.
• S, Secondary or Shear Waves, a bit slower than the P
Waves it oscillates the ground perpendicular to the
direction of the wave of travel because shear waves cannot
travel through liquid.
• Surface Waves – Travel Along the Earth’s Surface.
They are slower than the body waves. They do the
damage in Earthquakes.

• Love Waves shake the ground side to side like S waves

• Rayleigh Waves displaces the ground like rolling ocean
waves. The Ground rolls forward and up and then down
and backwards.
Uses of seismograms
• Determining the distance of the earthquake’s epi-
center.
WEDGE METHOD
• Determining the location of the epi-center
TRIANGULATION
• Determining the magnitude of the earthquake.
RICHTER SCALE
ACCELEROGRAP
H
 ACCELEROGRAPH
• An accelerograph can be referred
to as a strong-motion instrument
or seismograph, or simply
an earthquake accelerometer.

• Accelerographs are useful for when

the earthquake ground motion is so
strong that it causes the more
sensitive seismometers to go off-
scale.
 ACCELEROGRAPH
What is an accelerometer?
An accelerometer is an electromechanical device
that measures acceleration forces or acceleration of the
device.
These forces may be static, like the constant force
of gravity pulling at your feet, or they could be dynamic
caused by moving or vibrating the accelerometer.
 ACCELEROGRAPH
• High Sensitivity Accelerometers.
(piezoelectric accelerometer)
These sensors are often called
seismic accelerometers because they are
used to monitor construction activity,
volcanoes and earthquakes. Their high
sensitivity is achieved -unlike other high
sensitivity accelerometers- by the
sensing element itself and not by
internal amplification.
 ACCELEROGRAPH
Properties:
• Suited for seismic measurement and building vibration, particularly at low
frequencies
• Extremely sensitive piezo system provides excellent resolution and lowest
noise
• KB12VD with particularly high sensitivity-to-mass ratio
• KB12VD with air damping for resonance attenuation and overload
protection by friction coupling
• KB12VD and KS48C with IEPE voltage output
• KS48C with protection grade IP67
ACCELEROGRAPH
 ACCELEROGRAPH
High Sensitivity KS48C
Accelerometers KB12VD

Output IEPE IEPE

Sensitivity 10000 mV/g 1000 mV/g

Measuring range ±0.6 g ±6 g

Residual noise 1 µg (0.5..300Hz) 14µg (0.5..1000Hz)

Linear frequency 0.1 .. 4000 Hz

0.08 .. 260 Hz
range (±3 dB)
Connector UNF 10-32, radial Binder 713 (M12), axial

Weight 150 g 165 g

 ACCELEROGRAPH
• Triaxial Accelerometers
In addition to making
the seismic and tilt measurements,
the Triaxial Accelerometer outputs
are used to eliminate the orientation
sensitivity of the pressure gauges.
ACCELEROGRAPH
 ACCELEROGRAPH
High Sensitivity Triaxial Accelerometer KS823B

Output IEPE

Sensitivity 500 mV/g

Measuring range ±12 g

Linear frequency range (±3 dB) 0.07 .. 6000 Hz

Protection grade IP67

Connector Binder 718, radial

Weight 365 g
 ACCELEROGRAPH
• Accelerogram
is a record of an earthquake generated by an
accelerograph At present, existing accelerograms are
being studied by several groups in an effort to extract
as much information as possible concerning source
mechanisms and wave propagation close to faults.
ACCELEROGRAPH
ACCELEROGRAPH
SEISMOSCOPE
ZHANG HENG
• He was a Han Chinese
polymath from Nanyang who
lived during Han dynasty
• Zhang Heng was an inventor,
astronomer, engineer,
scientist, scholar and artist.
 ZHANG HENG
• Zhang Heng was a celebrated
astronomer of ancient China.
An inventor of the
seismograph and armillary
sphere.
• He invented the first
seismoscope, which was
called Houfeng Didong.
• He believed that earthquakes
were caused by wind and air.
WHAT IS SEISMOSCOPE?
• A seismoscope is an
instrument that gives
a qualitative measure
of the oscillatory
motion produced by
an earthquake or
other disturbance of
the earth's surface.
SEISMOSCOPE
• The Chinese Seismoscope
Invented 132 AD
• The instrument is reported
to have detected a four-
hundred-mile distant
earthquake which was not
felt at the location of the
seismoscope.
SEISMOSCOPE
SEISMOSCOPE
SEISMOSCOPE
• video
CHRONOLOGY OF INSTRUMENTATION
• 132 – first seismoscope (Heng, China)
• 1751 – seismoscope which etched in sand (Bina, Italy)
• 1784 – first attempt to record ground motion as a function of time
using a series of seismoscopes (Cavalli, Italy)
• 1875 – first true seismograph (Cecchi, Italy)
CHRONOLOGY OF INSTRUMENTATION
• 1889 – first known seismogram from a distant earthquake is
generated (Rebeur-Paschwitz, Germany)
• 1914 – first seismometer to use electromagnetic transducer to sense
ground motion (Galitzin, Russia)
• 1969 – first digital seismograph (data recorded in discrete samples on
a magnetic tape) (U.S. researchers)
• 1990s – broadcast of real time seismic data via internet
 Earthquake Network is a research project that aims to develop and
maintain a crowdsourced smartphone-based earthquake warning
system at a global level. The system uses the on-board accelerometers in
privately-owned smartphones of volunteer participants to detect
earthquake waves (ratherthan conventional seismometers). When it
detects an earthquake, it issues an earthquake warning to alert people
who the damaging waves of the earthquake have not yet reached.
SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH
Earthquake warning systems strive to rapidly detect
earthquakes and alert the population in advance. When the
system detects an earthquake, a potentially large number of
people in affected locations not too close to the epicenter can
receive the warning several seconds (5 to 60) before damaging
shaking occurs. This is possible because data flows though the
phone system faster than earthquake waves travel.
WORKING PRINCIPLE
Smartphones with the Earthquake Network application installed are
nodes of the sensor network of the Earthquake Network project. When a
smartphone is not in use and but is connected to a power source, the
application switches on the accelerometer to monitor the smartphone
acceleration. If motion exceeds a threshold, the smartphone sends a signal to a
central server. The server collects the signals sent by all the smartphones and
applies a statistical algorithm to decide in real time whether an earthquake is
likely occurring. If the system detects an earthquake, it instantly notifies all the
smartphones through the application. The application sounds an alarm, and the
smartphone owner can warn others and take cover.
Warning times related to the May 2015 Nepal earthquake detected by the smartphone
network. The earthquake epicenter is shown by the cross marker while the dot marker shows the
detection location.
NETWORK SIZE AND GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION
The number of smartphones in the network is highly variable as users
can install or uninstall the Earthquake Network application at any time.
Additionally, the number of active smartphones (not in use and connected to
a source of power) constantly changes during the day. Globally, the total
number of smartphones with the application installed is around 750,000
(September 2017) and the number of active smartphones ranges from
around 30,000 to around 120,000 depending on the hour of the day. The
geographic distribution of the network nodes is given in the following table:
COUNTRY NODES, %

Mexico 65.4

Chile 13.7

Italy 5.9

Ecuador 4.1

Peru 3.7

USA 2.1

Colombia 1.1

Others 4.0
DETECTED EARTQUAKES
From the beginning of the project, the smartphone network detected
590 earthquakes (September 28, 2017). Most of the earthquakes were
detected in Chile where the network is quite stable in terms of number of
smartphones. As an example, the magnitude 8.3 Illapel earthquake was
detected by the smartphones in the city of Valparaíso. Smartphones
in Santiago received the warning 10 seconds before the earthquake, while
smartphones in Mendoza received the warning 20 seconds in advance.
Smartphone network in Santiago area on December 5, 2015
FOUR MAIN PROBLEMS RELATED TO EARTHQUAKE DETECTION
AND LOCATION USING A SMARTPHONE NETWORK:

• REAL-TIME
DETECTION
• EPICENTER ESTIMATION

• PEAK GROUND ACCELERATION

• MAGNITUDE ESTIMATION