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SYSTEM
It must supply energy practically everywhere the customer demands.
The load demands vary with time. The system must able to supply this
ever changing demand.
The delivered energy must meet certain minimum requirements in
regard to quality. The following factors determine the quality:
a) The system frequency must be kept around 50Hz with
a variation of +0.05Hz to -0.05Hz.
b) The magnitude of the bus voltages are maintained within
prescribed limit around the normal value. Generally the
voltage variation should be limited to +5 to -5%.
The energy must be available with high reliability.
The energy must be delivered without overloading any element in the
power system.
The energy must be delivered at minimum cost.
1
REAL POWER (P): The real power, P is
defined as the average value of P and
therefore, physically, means the useful
power being transmitted. Its magnitude
depends very strongly on the power
factor cosΦ.
REACTIVE POWER (Q):The reactive
power, Q is by definition equal to the
peak value of that power component
that travels back & forth on the line,
resulting in zero average, and therefore
capable of no useful work.
2
TYPE OF LOADS:
TYPE OF LOAD PHASOR PHASE POWER ABSORBED BY THE LOAD
ANGLE P Q
I
V R I V Ф = 0° P>0 Q=0
I V
V L Ф Ф = +90° P=0 Q>0
I
I I
C P=0
V Ф = - 90° Q<0
Ф V
I R
V V
L Φ 0°<Φ<+90° P>0 Q>0
I
V R L
3
TYPE OF LOADS:
TYPE OF LOAD PHASOR PHASE POWER ABSORBED BY THE LOAD
ANGLE P Q
V R
C I
Φ V -90°<Φ<0° P>0 Q<0
C
V R
Tuned to
Resonance
IL = Ic
I
V L PL = Pc
C
Energy travels -90°<=Φ<=+90° P=0 Q=0
Ic IL
Back & forth
Between C&L
4
TYPE OF LOADS
• Inductive load absorbs positive Q. i.e., an
inductor consumes
reactive power.
• Capacitive load absorbs negative Q. i.e., a
capacitor generates reactive power.
• Sign change in Q simply means a 180° phase shift.
• Resistive load consumes real power.
• Inductive load consumes positive reactive power
• Capacitive load consumes negative reactive power.
• Combination of R & L load consumes real &
positive reactive power.
• Combination of R & C load consumes real &
negative reactive power.
• Reactive power is bi-directional power. It travels from
source to load as well as load to source.
5
CAPABILITY DIAGRAM OF A 110 MW ALTERNATOR
6
CAPABILITY DIAGRAM OF A 110 MW ALTERNATOR
REAL POWER
p.u. MW
Unity p.f.
Leading p.f. Lagging p.f.
VAR IMPORT VAR EXPORT
δ=90° B
1.0
P.F.= 0.8 LAGGING
0.9 0.9
3 °)
(δ=6
THEORITICAL STABILITY LIMIT LINE
0.7 0.7
GIN
ST
T
EN
AT
MAR
RR
0.6
OR
0.6
CU
T
EN
CU
RR
RE
12 .5
R
CU
TU
0.5 0.5
RE
R OTO
LD
MA
NT
ITH
FIE
AR
R)
LIM
IT W
R C
0.4 R (O
R)
0.4
IT
(O
TO
UR
L IM
RO
OR
REN
L
TA 0.3
AT
ITY
0.3
TO
ST
.87 °
T
BIL
LIMIT
TA
STA
0.2 0.2
TO
Ф=3 6
AL
CT IC
0.1 0.1
PR A
A E F H C
1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 O 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
REACTIVE POWER SCR MVA X SCR REACTIVE POWER
MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE
p.u. MVAR (leading) MVAR IN ZERO p.f. LEADING.
p.u. MVAR (lagging)
7
CAPABILITY DIAGRAM OF A 110 MW ALTERNATOR
REAL POWER
p.u. MW
Unity p.f.
Leading p.f. Lagging p.f.
VAR IMPORT VAR EXPORT
δ=90° B
1.0
P.F.= 0.8 LAGGING
0.9 0.9
3° )
(δ=6
THEORITICAL STABILITY LIMIT LINE
0.7 0.7
R GIN
ST
NT
AT
E
RR
OR
0.6
MA
0.6
CU
T
EN
CU
2.5 %
RR
RE
RR
CU
TU
0.5 0.5
ROT
H 1
D
EN
MA
EL
FI
T
WIT
AR
OR
R)
L IM
0.4 R (O
R)
0.4
IMIT
CUR
IT
(O
TO
RO
OR
Y L
REN T
L
AT
0.3 TA 0.3
TO
BIL IT
ST
7°
L
LIMIT
TA
.8
STA
0.2 0.2
TO
Ф= 36
AL
CTIC
0.1 0.1
PRA
0.5
0.4
0.6
0.2
0.3
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
A F H C
0.1
1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 O 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
REACTIVE POWER SCR MVA X SCR REACTIVE POWER
p.u. MVAR (leading) MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE p.u. MVAR (lagging)
MVAR IN ZERO p.f. LEADING.
8
III) COMPARISON
V = 11.2 KV
9
CAPABILITY CURVE
A. Rotor current limit
Class of insulation (to take care of rotor insulation)
B. Stator current limit
Class of insulation for stator.
C. MW load limit
Turbine limit (steam power generation capability)
Turbine is designed for MW load only .
D. Minimum load angle limit
Leading p.f. operation
Stability limit of generation
E. Stator end heating limit
Stressing stator winding & heating of stator
10 to 20 MVAR (leading p.f.) is safe
Rotor is relieved from stress
Stator end winding heated due to capacitive effect
Remove capacitor banks in load centres
In NCTPS 210 MW unit, running the generator at -64 MVAR
load for ½ an hour. Not able to reduce the load.
10
USEFULNESS OF CAPABILITY DIAGRAM FOR
EXCITATION CONTROL
12
EFFECT ON OTHER LOADS:
AT HIGHER FREQUENCY, THE REMAINING LOAD ROTATES AT
HIGHER SPEED AND TAKES MORE CURRENT.
HENCE THE LOAD DEMAND INCREASES.
POWER GENERATION AT HIGHER FREQUENCY EQUALS THE LOAD
DEMAND POWER.
TO DECREASE THE FREQUENCY, THE VALVE MUST BE CLOSED
SLIGHTLY.
EXAMPLE: PUMP SET (INDUCTION MOTOR)
At high frequency, the speed of IM increases.
Ns = 120f / P Nr = Ns ( 1 - s )
The current taken by the IM will be more. Hence the demand on the system
increases.
13
VOLTAGE IS RELATED TO REACTIVE POWER ( Q – V )
G1
1 V1 V2 2
I jX
P jQ
Take V1 as reference.
V2=V1-jXI -----------------------------------(1)
V1 * I = P jQ
I = (P-jQ) / V1 ------------------------------(2)
Substitute (2) in (1)
V2 = V1 – jX [(P/V1) – j(Q/V1)]
V2 = [V1 – (X/V1)Q] – j(X/V1)P] 14
VECTOR DIAGRAMS:
V2 = V1- X Q - j X P
V1 V1
V1 V1 V1
X Q X 2X Q
V1 Q V1
V1
X P XP
V2 V1
V2 V1
2X P
V2 V1
16
POWER DIAGRAM (CAPABILITY DIAGRAM):
d
δ Φ
IX
A Xd
Φ = VI CosФ
EV Sinδ V = REAL
D C
Xd I POWERMVAR
At δ=90°, We get the maximum power i.e. the theoritical stability line.
• CASE-I I: In Δ ABC, CD=AC – AD; In Δ BCD, CD=IXd SinФ
In Δ ABC, AC=E Cosδ & AD = V
IXd SinФ = E Cosδ - V ; Multiply both sides by V , We get
Xd
EV Cos δ – V2 = VI Sin Ф = REACTIVE POWER
Xd Xd
17
SHORT CIRCUIT RATIO ( SCR ):
SCR = FIELD CURRENT REQUIRED TO PRODUCE RATED VOLTAGE ON O.C.
FIELD CURRENT REQUIRED TO CIRCULATE RATED CURRENT ON S.C.
S.C.C.
O.C.C.
PER UNIT CURRENT
PER UNIT VOLTAGE
a b
1.0
C
E
AD AE DE
c AB AC BC
A D B
o Fo Fc
SCR = o Fo c Fo c Fo 1 FIELD CURRENT
1 1
o Fs b Fs a Fo a Fo / c Fo Per unit voltage on open circuit Xd
Corresponding per unit current on short circuit
18
TYPICAL S.C.R. VALUES:
For 500 MW T.G., SCR= 0.48
For 210 MW T.G., SCR= 0.49
For 110 MW T.G., SCR= 0.50
For 60 MW T.G., SCR= 0.59
The SCR value may have to be raised to 1.0 to 1.5, if the loading is likely to be
capacitive i.e. leading MVAR supply.
For modern Turbo-alternator, the SCR is normally between 0.48 to 0.7
EFFECT OF S.C.R. ON MACHINE PERFORMANCE:
Higher value of SCR has higher stability limit.
Better voltage regulation for high SCR.
High value of SCR has a long air gap which means that the mmf required by
field is large. Hence machine with higher SCR is costlier to build.
TRANSPORTATION
SCR AIR GAP WEIGHT SIZE
PROBLEM
Present trend is to build low value of SCR since fast acting excitation
system available.
19
GENERATOR – IMPORTANT TIPS
• T.G. CAPACITY IN M.W.:
50
60
62.5
100
110
120
200
210 – Weight: 250 tonnes
235
250
500
800 future
1000 future
20
GENERATOR – IMPORTANT TIPS
• T.G. TERMINAL VOLTAGE IN KV :
10.5
11 – ETPS 60 MW, 110 MW
13.8
15 – Neyveli-Stage I
15.75 – BHEL 210 MW
16 – Nuclear 235 MW
18.4 – NTPC 210 MW
21 – 500 MW
22 - 500 MW
33 (or) 34 – Future (800 MW/1000 MW)
requires 800 KV line (year 2010)
21
GENERATOR – IMPORTANT TIPS
Higher capacity Hydro machine in India : 250 MW, KOINA (Maharastra),
Air cooled.
22
GENERATOR – IMPORTANT TIPS
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