Issues in ESP Program Design

LANGUAGE VARIETIES
Variety refers to registers of language use,
such as:
• English in banking,
• English in medicine,
• English in academic settings, and
• Everyday conversation.
 NEEDS ANALYSIS
• Identify what specific language and skills the
group of learners will need

• “What” and “how” of the course, curriculum

design, materials selection, methodology,
assessment, evaluation
 Current Concept of Needs Analysis
(Dudley – Evans and St. John, 1998)

A. Professional information about the learners

B. Personal information about the learners
C. English language information about the
learners for assessing (D)
D. The learners’ lacks(A) and (C)
(Continue..)
E. Language learning information – effectivity (D)
F. Professional communication information about
professional information
Linguistic analysis
Discourse analysis
Genre analysis
G. What is wanted from the course
H. Information about how the course will be run
 Deficiency analysis
Lacks or the gap between what the learner
needs to know to operate in the target situation
and the learner ’s present language proficiency
 Strategy analysis
The preferred approaches and methods in
teaching and learning
 Means analysis
◦Identification of the constraints and
opportunities in the teaching situation

◦Gathering of information on the classroom

culture, learner factors, teacher profiles, and
the status of language teaching in the
organization
Needs analysis process
Chia, Johnson, Chia, and Olive (1999) report
their investigation of the
English language needs of medical students
 Sakr (2001) reports
a study into the English language needs of textile and
clothing industry workers in Cairo,
Evangelou (1994) reports a project to
explore the
English language needs of nurses.
 Basturkmen (1998a) investigated student and
faculty perceptions of the English language needs of
students in the Faculty of Engineering and Petroleum at
Kuwait University
 Jasso-Aguilar (1999)
investigated the perspectives of maids and the
institutional representatives
of the hotel in Waikiki in which the maids worked.
• They used a range of research methods to
collect data including questionnaire surveys,
telephone interviews, analysis of authentic
correspondence, and visits to the workplaces
of the merchandisers.
• His approach to needs analysis involves in-
depth ethnographic data collection methods
such as observations and exploratory
interviews.
 TYPES OF SYLLABUSES
• Characteristics of a syllabus (from A Course in
Language Teaching, by P. Ur)
Baca lagi tentang syllabus
NARROW- AND WIDE-ANGLE
COURSE DESIGNS