Professional Documents
Culture Documents
&
Treatment Process
1
What is Water Pollution?
The mixing of undesirable substances in water in an
uncontrolled amount beyond the tolerable capacity
is Water Pollution.
2
Why water is polluted?
Domestic Cleanings like Laundry, Food Preparation, Body
Cleaning and Body Excretions.
Rain and Flood are the natural processes by which they wash
away things like fertilizers, crop fields, river bank, dead body
and animals due to turbulency effect, the mixing pollute the
water.
In the World Scenario
• About 90 % pollution load in the river system is due to
human waste.
• At least 2500 million people in the developing countries
lack an adequate system for disposing of their feces.
• About 98% of the people of rural areas use an open field
for defecation.
In the Context of Kathmandu
• Kathmandu produces 150 tons of waste each day, nearly half
of which is dumped into the river.
• More than 40 million liters a day of wastewater is generated
in Kathmandu
6
Water Pollutants
1.Oxygen demanding substances
•deplete water of dissolved oxygen
2.Nutrients ( nitrogen and phosphorus)
•Accelerate eutrophication
•Residential and agricultural runoff
•Municipal waste discharges
3.Heat
•Industrial waste water and Power plants
•Other anthropogenic causing temperature rise
•Alter water ecology
•Lower solubility of oxygen
•Increase metabolic rate of organisms
7
Water Pollutants
4.Sediments & suspended solids
•Inorganic materials
•Land cultivation, constructions, demolitions
•Organic solids - deplete water of dissolved oxygen
5.Municipal Wastewater
•High concentration of organic substances, C, N & P
•Pesticides, toxic elements, salts & inorganic solids
6.Agricultural Wastes
•N & P
•Organic carbon
•Pesticides residue
•Bacteria
8
Water Pollutants
7.Petroleum Compounds
•Detergents, oils, etc.
8.Acids & bases
•Industries
9.Radioactive Materials
10.Pathogens
•Bacteria
•Viruses
•Protozoa
•Parasitic Worms
9
Effect on Humans
10
Water Ecology
•Producers – Algae, Phytoplankton
•Consumers – Zooplankton, Fish & others
•Decomposers – Bacteria
•Nutrients – N, P, C and S(occasionally)
•Photosynthesis
•Respiration
11
Polluted River Floating Sludge
Groundwater Pollution
Polluted air
Hazardous
Pesticides waste
and injection well
Deicing fertilizers
Coal strip Buried
road salt
mine gasoline and
runoff Cesspool,
Gasoline solvent tanks
Pumping station septic tank
well Water
Waste lagoon pumping Sewer
Landfill
well
Accidental Leakage
spills from
faulty
Discharge
casing
Confined
aquifer
Groundwater
flow
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Measures of Water Quality
•Dissolved Oxygen (DO)
•Oxygen Demand – BOD and COD
•Nitrogen and Phosphorus
•Solids – Suspended and Total
•Presence of infections, bacteria and viruses
•Turbidity
•pH
•Heavy metals
•Color, taste and odor
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Biochemical Oxygen Demand
• Rate of oxygen use by microorganisms
• Not a measure of some specific pollutant
• But measure of the amount of oxygen required by
aerobic bacteria to stabilize decomposable organic
matter
• BOD increases as waste increases
• BOD decreases if
• Contamination is absent
• Microorganisms not present
• Available microorganism not interested in
consuming
15
Dissolved Oxygen
• Inversely proportional to
temperature
• maximum amount of
oxygen that can be
dissolved in water at 0 ◦ C
• measured either with an
oxygen probe (galvanic
cell) or by iodometric
titration (Winkers test) Oxygen Probe
B.O.D.
• Samples taken and put in 60ml or 300ml bottle
• One sample analyzed immediately – measure DO
• This
discontinuity –due to the demand for oxygen by the
microorganisms that decompose nitrogenous organic
compounds to inorganic nitrogen
Chemical Oxygen Demand
• BOD test takes 5 days to run – slow
• organic compounds oxidized chemically
instead of biologically and shorten the test in
COD
• All organic compounds – oxidized
• results always higher than BOD results
• Eg. Wood pulping waste, cellulose are easily
oxidized chemically (high COD) but are very
slow to decompose biologically (low BOD).
Turbidity
1. Incoming Influent
2. Mechanical Bar Screening
3. Grit Removable Chamber
22 / 18
WWT Process
4. Bacterial Mixing
5. Aeration
23 / 18
WWT Steps
6. Sedimentation
7. Drying Bed for Sewage
24 / 18
WWT Steps
8. Tunnel Discharge
25 / 18
Water Quality Standards
Quality Parameters Set for Water
National Drinking Water Quality Standard, 2062 (??)
1.Physical Par. Units Concentration
Limits
Turbidity NTU 5 (10)
pH 6.5 – 8.5*
Color TCU 5 (15)
Taste, Odor Non-objectionable
TDS mg/L 1000
Elect.Cond. µS/cm 1500
26 / 18
Water Quality Standards
2. Chemical
Other NDWQS Tables
- Fe, Mn, As, Cd, Cr,
1. Rural Surface WSS
- Cyanide, Fluoride, Pb, NH3,
2. Rural Ground WSS
- Chloride, Sulphate, Nitrate,
- Cu, Total Hardness, Ca, Zn,
- Hg, Al, Residual Cl
3. Microbiological
- E. Coli, Total Coliform
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Conclusion
28 / 18
References
29 / 18
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