2 0361 Infographic Abstract Timeline PGo 16 - 9

EAT 237
WATER SUPPLY
ENGINEERING
Week 6:
Water Quality
Fahmi Muhammad Ridwan
SCHOOL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PERLIS
2014
Poor and Clean Water Source Quality
School of Environmental Engineering
OUTLINE
Water Quality Parameters

 Physical Parameters
 Chemical Parameters
 Biological Parameters
Sources of Water Pollution

Water Quality Standard
Water Quality
 Water quality is a neutral term that relates to the

composition of water as affected by natural
processes and human activities.
 The quality of water also is related to its specific
use, and usually measured in terms of the
concentration of its constituents.
 Water quality measurements include physical,
chemical, and biological parameters.
Physical Parameters
 Physical parameters define those characteristics

of water that respond to the sense of sight,
touch, taste, or smell.
 The six most commonly considered physical
characteristics are suspended solid, temperature,
taste and odour, colour and turbidity
Physical Characteristics
a. Suspended solid – measured in mg/L

Sources:
(i) Inorganic compounds such as clay, silt, sand
(ii) Organic compounds such as fine organic matter,
human waste
Effect:
(i) Aesthetic (affect turbidity and transparency of
water
(ii) Health aspect
(iii) Adsorption point/centre for chemicals and micro-
organisms
b. Turbidity – measured in Nephelometric Turbidity

Unit (NTU)/Formazin Unit (FU)
Sources:
(i) Inorganic compounds such as clay, sand
(ii) Organic compounds such as plant fibre, human
waste
Effect:
(i) Aesthetic
(ii) Health aspect
(iii) Adsorption point/centre for chemicals and micro-
organisms
Turbidity – measured in NTU/FU

c. Odour and Taste

Sources:
(i) Inorganic compounds such as minerals, metals,
salts (all of them give taste to water but no odour)
(ii) Organic compounds from petroleum and/or
degradation of organic matters (odour and taste)
Effect:
(i) Aesthetic
(ii) Health problem
d. Temperature – measured in ˚C or ˚F
Sources:
(i) Effect from ambience
(ii) Industrial activities such as cooling system
Effect:
(i) Disturb biological activities such as micro-organism
and aquatic life
(ii) Chemical properties such as the degree of gas
solubility, density and viscosity
Chemical Parameters
 The chemical characteristics of water are numerous.
 Every substance that dissolves in water can be called a

chemical water quality characteristic.
 Chemical parameters are includes total dissolved solid,

alkalinity, hardness, metals, organic compounds, and
nutrients.
Chemical Characteristics
a. Total Dissolved Solid (TDS) Note:
Sources: Recommended TDS

concentration for drinking
(i) Inorganic compounds such water supply is 500 mg/L
minerals, metal and gases
(ii) Organic compounds such as product from
degradation of organic matter or organic gas
Effect:
(i) cause taste, colour and odour problem
(ii) Health aspect
(iii) small amount of TDS – water become corrosive
b. Alkalinity
Definition: the quantity of ions in water to neutralise acid or
measure of water strength to neutralise acid
- Main constituents are bicarbonate (HCO3- ), carbonate
(CO32- ) and hydroxide (OH- ) ions.
Note:
Sources: Minimum alkalinity of
(i) Mineral dissolved in water and air 30 mg/L as CaCO3 is
(ii) Human activities such as fertilizers, necessary for effective
coagulation
detergent, pesticide etc.
Effect:
(i) Non pleasant taste
(ii) Reaction between alkaline constituent and cation
(positive ion) produces precipitation in pipe.
c. Hardness
Definition: a measure of “multivalent” cations in water such as
Ca2+, Mg2+, Fe2+, Mn3+
Note:
Recommended Iron
Sources: concentration in Water
(i) Natural mineral on earth Supply is 0.3 mg/L
Desirable concentration
Effect: of Mn in Drinking water
is 0.01 – 0.05 mg/L
(i) Excessive soap usage
(ii) Precipitate form on hardware
(iii) Precipitate in pipe – temperature and pH increased
Effects on water supply
Iron deposit on valve

pipe
d. Fluoride
Sources:
(i) Mineral
Effect:
(i) Not good for health if it is taken in high concentration

(ii) Concentration of 1 mg/L is good for the growth of
children teeth
(iii) Excessive concentration – colour on teeth and
problem in bone growth
e. Metals – non toxic and toxic
Non Toxic
 Dangerous for health if the concentration is high
 Example: Ca2+, Mn2+, Fe2+, Zn2+, Al3+, Cu2+ etc.
Source:
(i) Mineral, readily available from nature
Effect:
(i) Colour, odour, taste and turbidity
(ii) Deteriorate health (at high concentration)
Note:
e. Metals – non toxic and toxic For Domestic Water
Supply Metals level
should be:
Toxic Pb < 0.05 mg/L
Hg < 0.02 mg/L
 Stored up in food chain Cd < 0.01 mg/L
 Example: Pb2+, Hg2+, Cd2+ etc.

Source:
(i) Human activities such as mining and industries
Effect:
(i) Dangerous diseases such as cancer, abortion and
deformation in newborn baby
Note:
f. Nutrients For Domestic Water
- Important elements - N, P Supply Nutrients
level should be:
NO3- < 10.0 mg/L
Nitrogen (N) NO2- < 1.0 mg/L
Sources:
(i) Major sources are domestic and industrial w.w
(ii) Decomposition to a simple compound
(iii) Animals and human wastes; chemicals (fertilizers)
Effect:
(i) NO3- poisoning in human and animal babies
(ii) Excessive algae breeding and aquatic plants
Note:
f. Nutrients (cont.) For Domestic Water
Supply Nutrients
level should be:
Phosphorus (P)
PO4- < 50.0 mg/L
Sources:
(i) Readily present in soil
(ii) Chemicals (fertilizers)
(iii) Domestic and human wastes etc.
Effect:
(i) Excessive algae breeding and aquatic plants
(ii) 0.2 mg/L – disturb coagulation process in water
treatment plant
Biological Parameters
 The biological characteristics of a water body refer to

a variety of living organisms that can be found in
water.
 Many of these pathogens can enter the water system
in sewage (human and animal waste).
 Classify into 2 groups;
Pathogens and
Pathogen Indicator
Biological Characteristics
• Many organisms cause ;

 bad taste and odour,
 Corrosion and slime production
• In general are associated with “nuisance” in raw water
transport, treatment, storage and distribution
Pathogens
• The most important biological organisms in water are pathogen

• These organisms are capable of infecting and transmitting
diseases to human
• Pathogens are not native to aquatic system and usually require an
animal host for growth and reproduction.
• Major groups of pathogens of interest in water supply and
treatment are bacteria, viruses, protozoa, fungus and algae.
Bacteria
• Bacteria are single-cell protists.
• The organisms will double themselves within 15 – 30 minute in
suitable condition.
• Presence in water supply, may cause;
 Diseases, taste and odour, pipe corrosion and pipe
blockage
• Diseases caused by bacteria:
 Typhoid fever - Salmonella typhi
 Cholera - Vibrio cholerae
 Jaundice - Leptospira
Viruses
• Viruses are the smallest microorganisms with sizes
range from 0.01 to 0.3 µm.
• required a host for survival
• There are some diseases caused by viruses;
 Hepatitis,
 Flu,
 Jaundice,
 Polio
Hepatitis
Protozoa
 Unisel organism with size 10 – 100 µm
 Use bacteria and algae as source of food
 Could cause disease related to stomach and
gastrointestine
Example: Cryptosporidium : Cryptosporidiosis
(diarrhea)
- Giardia Lambia : Giardiasis (diarrhea)
 Poor cyst removal = coagulant doses are less than
optimum, when filter turbidities increase
Algae
 Plant that generate energy by photosynthesis
 During the present of sun light, it increase the DO level
in the water
 When there are too much of algae in the water;
produce slime that interferes with treatment
processes
algae blooms in reservoirs, cause turbidity and
colour problem interfere with coagulation and
sedimentation, serious filter clogging
Algae Bloom
Fungi Note:
WHO recommended
concentration for
 Generally multi-cellular drinking water is zero
organisms per 100 ml.
 Plants that unable to do
photosynthesis such as yeast.
 Important in the biological treatment of some industrial
waste and in the composting of solid organic waste.
 When there are too much of
fungi in the water;
produce musty taste and
odour
increase colour and turbidity
Yeast
Pathogen Indicator
• Typical indicators used are coliform groups.

• Coliform groups:
Fecal coliform e.g. E.coli, Streptococci
Soil coliform
E.coli Streptococci
Overall Quality of Water Resources

(River Water)
• Monitoring of river water quality in Malaysia by the Department of
Environment (DOE) started in 1978, initially to establish water quality baseline
and subsequently to detect water quality changes and identify pollution sources.
• River water quality appraisal is based on the Water Quality Index (WQI)
~ Dissolved Oxygen (DO) ~ Ammoniacal Nitrogen (NH3-N)
~ Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD ~ pH.
~ Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) ~ Suspended Solids (SS)
• The WQI serves as a basis for environmental assessment of a watercourse in

relation to pollution categorization and designated classes of beneficial uses
~ under the Interim National Water Quality Standards for Malaysia
(INWQS).
• It is used to show the status/trend of the water quality of a waterway
How to calculate the WQI?
WQI = 0.22(SIDO) + 0.19(SIBOD) + 0.16(SICOD)

+ 0.15(SIAN) + 0.16(SISS) + 0.12(SIpH)
DO X ≤ 8 SIDO = 0
X ≥ 92 SIDO = 100
8 < X < 92 SIDO = - 0.395 + 0.03 X2 – 0.0002 X3
BOD X ≤ 5 SIBOD = 100.4 – 4.23 X

X > 5 SIBOD = 108 e - 0.055 X - 0.1 X
COD X ≤ 20 SICOD = 99.1 – 1.33 X

X > 20 SICOD = 103 e - 0.0157 X - 0.04 X
Note: X = Concentration of parameters in mg/l (except pH) measured

WQI = 0.22(SIDO) + 0.19(SIBOD) + 0.16(SICOD)

+ 0.15(SIAN) + 0.16(SISS) + 0.12(SIpH)
AN X ≤ 0.3 SIAN = 100.5 – 105 X

0.3 < X < 4 SIAN = 94 e - 0.573 X - 5 (X – 2)
SS X ≤ 100 SISS = 97.5 e – 0.00676 X + 0.05 X

100 < X < 1000 SISS = 71 e - 0.0016 X - 0.015 X
X ≥ 1000 SISS = 0
pH X < 5.5 SIpH = 17.2 – 17.2 X + 5.02 X2

5.5 ≤ X < 7 SIpH = - 242 + 95.5 X – 6.67 X2
7 ≤ X < 8.75 SIpH = - 181 + 82.4 X – 6.05 X2
X ≥ 8.75 SIpH = 536 - 77 X + 2.76 X2
Water quality : Classification Based on Water Quality Index
WQI STATUS
90 - 100 Very Good / Very Clean
75 – 90 Good / Clean
45 – 75 Moderate
20 – 45 Polluted
0 – 20 Very Polluted
Classification of River
Classification of river according to

beneficial uses:
Class I Conservation of natural environment.
1. Water Supply I - practically no treatment necessary
(except by disinfection or boiling only)
2. Fishery I - very sensitive aquatic species
Class IIA 1. Water Supply II - conventional treatment required
2. Fishery II - sensitive aquatic species
Class IIB Recreational use with body contact
Class III 1. Water Supply III - extensive water treatment required
2. Fishery III - common, of economic value and
moderately tolerant species
Class IV Irrigation
Class V Water unsuitable for specified uses
Water Quality Monitoring
• In 2001, a total of 931 manual water quality-monitoring

stations located within 120 river basins were monitored.
~ 489 stations (53%) were found to be clean
~ 303 stations (33%) slightly polluted
~ 139 stations (15%) polluted.
• Stations located upstream were generally clean, while
those downstream were either slightly polluted or polluted.
In terms of water quality on the basis of river basins
~ 60 basins (50%) were clean compared to 34 basins in
2000
~ 47 (39%) slightly polluted compared to 74 in 2000
~ 13 (11%) polluted compared to 12 in 2000.

Type of pollution:
 Point sources – from known sources
at identified point
- Easy to identify, monitor and regulate
- such as discharges from urban
wastewater treatment, industry
and fish farms etc.
 Non-point sources – cannot be traced
to a single point of discharge
- Difficult to locate, monitor and control
- such as discharges from vehicle
emissions, construction site,
Urban Runoff, forestry etc.
• Major pollution sources

~ 18% of river basins were polluted by biochemical oxygen
demand (BOD) due to sewage and discharges from agro-
based and manufacturing industries.
~ 20% of river basins were polluted by
ammoniacal nitrogen (NH3-N) from sewage
that included livestock farming and domestic
sewage.
~ 33% by suspended solids (SS) due to
earthworks and land-clearing activities.
Non point sources

of water pollution
Water Quality Standard

• According to the National Guideline for Drinking Water Quality
(NGDWQ), 1983 by the Health Ministry
~ drinking water must be clear, colourless and odourless, pleasant
to drink and free from all harmful microorganisms, chemical and
radiochemical contaminants.
• Regulations in Environmental Quality (Wastewater and Industrial

Effluent) 1978:
~ Sets standards for wastewater discharged from w.w treatment plant
and industrial effluent.
• Interim National Water Quality Standard (INWQS):

~ To classify rivers in term of their quality and usage
~ 5 classes - I. Best
V. Most polluted (not suitable for any usage)
THIRD SCHEDULE
ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY ACT 1974
ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY (SEWAGE AND INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENTS)
REGULATIONS 1979
(REGULATIONS 8(1), 8(2), 8(3)
PARAMETER LIMITS OF EFFLUENTS OF STANDARDS A AND B
Parameter Unit Standard

A B
(i) Temperature °C 40 40
(ii) pH value - 6.0 - 9.0 5.5 - 9.0
(iii) BOD at 20°C mg/ l 20 50
(iv) COD mg/ l 50 100
(v) Suspended Solids mg/ l 50 100
(vi) Mercury mg/ l 0.005 0.05
(vii) Cadmium mg/ l 0.01 0.02
(viii) Chromium, mg/ l 0.05 0.05
Hexavalent
(ix) Arsenic mg/ l 0.05 0.10
(x) Cyanide mg/ l 0.05 0.10
(xi) Lead mg/ l 0.10 0.50
(xii) Chromium, Trivalent mg/ l 0.20 1.0
(xiii) Copper mg/ l 0.20 1.0
(xiv) Manganese mg/ l 0.20 1.0
(xv) Nickel mg/ l 0.20 1.0
 Example
Parameters Stations
W1 W2 W3
pH 8.10 8.00 8.40

Temparature (˚C) 29.30 30.00 29.7
BOD (mg/L) 2.75 3.95 3.15
DO (mg/L) 6.90 6.90 5.80
COD (mg/L) 30.18 35.83 22.63
Turbidity (NTU) 4.00 37.40 30.00
TSS (mg/L) 4.00 37.40 30.00
AN (mg/L) 0.01 0.74 0.32
E-Coli (per 100 ml) ND 14.00 6.00
Oil & Grease (mg/L) ND ND 5.00
Fe (mg/L) 0.03 0.07 1.01
Pb (mg/L) ND ND 0.005
As (mg/L) ND ND ND
DOE - WQI
Classification
Note: ND – not detected
QUESTION :
Compute the water quality according to DOE-

WQI (water quality index) and classify the
river according to the values obtained in the
WQI computation?

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EAT 237

Fahmi Muhammad Ridwan

SCHOOL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

Water Quality Parameters

Sources of Water Pollution

 Water quality is a neutral term that relates to the

 Physical parameters define those characteristics

a. Suspended solid – measured in mg/L

b. Turbidity – measured in Nephelometric Turbidity

Turbidity – measured in NTU/FU

c. Odour and Taste

 The chemical characteristics of water are numerous.

 Every substance that dissolves in water can be called a

 Chemical parameters are includes total dissolved solid,

a. Total Dissolved Solid (TDS) Note:

Sources: Recommended TDS

Effects on water supply

Iron deposit on valve

(i) Not good for health if it is taken in high concentration

e. Metals – non toxic and toxic

 Example: Pb2+, Hg2+, Cd2+ etc.

 The biological characteristics of a water body refer to

• Many organisms cause ;

• The most important biological organisms in water are pathogen

• Typical indicators used are coliform groups.

Overall Quality of Water Resources

• The WQI serves as a basis for environmental assessment of a watercourse in

How to calculate the WQI?

WQI = 0.22(SIDO) + 0.19(SIBOD) + 0.16(SICOD)

BOD X ≤ 5 SIBOD = 100.4 – 4.23 X

COD X ≤ 20 SICOD = 99.1 – 1.33 X

Note: X = Concentration of parameters in mg/l (except pH) measured

WQI = 0.22(SIDO) + 0.19(SIBOD) + 0.16(SICOD)

AN X ≤ 0.3 SIAN = 100.5 – 105 X

SS X ≤ 100 SISS = 97.5 e – 0.00676 X + 0.05 X

pH X < 5.5 SIpH = 17.2 – 17.2 X + 5.02 X2

Water quality : Classification Based on Water Quality Index

Classification of river according to

Water Quality Monitoring

• In 2001, a total of 931 manual water quality-monitoring

Sources of Water Pollution

Sources of Water Pollution

• Major pollution sources

Non point sources

Water Quality Standard

• Regulations in Environmental Quality (Wastewater and Industrial

• Interim National Water Quality Standard (INWQS):

Parameter Unit Standard

pH 8.10 8.00 8.40

Compute the water quality according to DOE-

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