Introduction to MATLAB

MATLAB in Science, Engineering, and

Mathematics Instruction

John Sebeson
DeVry University
What is MATLAB?
 MATLAB stands for MATrix LABoratory.
 MATLAB is a high-performance language for
technical computing.
 Math and computation
 Algorithm development (optimized for DSP)
 Data acquisition
 Modeling, simulation, and prototyping
 Data analysis, exploration, and visualization
 Scientific and engineering graphics
 Application development, including graphical
user interface building

January 18, 2005 J. M. Sebeson - DeVry University

© 2005
Why Learn and Use MATLAB?
 Heavily used in EET/CET courses with DSP
content (CET311, EET350, EET453)
 Extensive built-in commands for scientific
and engineering mathematics
 Easy way to generate class demonstrations
and test examples
 Simple and intuitive programming for more
complex problems
 Standard and widely-used computational
environment with many features,
extensions, and links to other software.

January 18, 2005 J. M. Sebeson - DeVry University

© 2005
MATLAB in DSP Product
Development

Develop and
SIMULINK
Test Algorithms
Simulation
in MATLAB

Code DSP
Composer Processor
Platform

MATLAB + PC = DSP Processor!! (just less efficient)

January 18, 2005 J. M. Sebeson - DeVry University

© 2005
Why Learn MATLAB (and DSP)?
 Digital Signal Processing (DSP) is the
dominant technology today, and into the
future, for small-signal electronic systems
(i.e., just about everything)
 MATLAB has become one of the standard
design environments for DSP engineering
 Our students need to be literate and skilled
in this environment: knowledgeable in both
DSP and MATLAB

January 18, 2005 J. M. Sebeson - DeVry University

© 2005
How Can I Learn MATLAB?
 Keep a copy of this presentation for
reference (available on my Web
Page)
 Get MATLAB loaded on your PC
 Read the “Getting Started” Users
Guide at the MathWorks web site
 Study some of the built-in help files
and demos
 Dive right in and use it!
January 18, 2005 J. M. Sebeson - DeVry University
© 2005
This Presentation
 The MATLAB System
 The basics of MATLAB computation
 The basics of MATLAB graphing
 The basics of MATLAB programming
 Various course examples
 Mathematics
 Electronics
 Physics
 Signal Processing(*)
January 18, 2005 J. M. Sebeson - DeVry University
© 2005
The MATLAB System
 Development Environment.
 MATLAB desktop
 Editor and debugger for MATLAB programs (“m-files”)
 Browsers for help, built-in and on-line documentation
 Extensive demos
 The MATLAB Mathematical Function Library.
 Elementary functions, like sum, sine, cosine, and complex arithmetic
 More sophisticated functions like matrix inverse, matrix eigenvalues, Bessel
functions, and fast Fourier transforms.
 “Toolboxes” for special application areas such as Signal Processing
 The MATLAB Language.
 “Programming in the small" to rapidly create quick and dirty throw-away
programs, or
 “Programming in the large" to create large and complex application programs.
 Graphics.
 2D and 3D plots
 Editing and annotation features
 The MATLAB Application Program Interface (API).
 A library that allows you to write C and Fortran programs that interact with
MATLAB.

January 18, 2005 J. M. Sebeson - DeVry University

© 2005
MATLAB Development Environment
(Workspace)

January 18, 2005 J. M. Sebeson - DeVry University

© 2005
MATLAB “Help” Utilities
 MATLAB is so rich that ‘help’ is essential
 Command name and syntax
 Command input/output parameters
 Usage examples
 Help command
 help command_name
 help [partial_name] tab
 Help documents
 Demos

January 18, 2005 J. M. Sebeson - DeVry University

© 2005
 MATLAB Function Library
(A Subset)
matlab\general - General purpose commands.
matlab\ops - Operators and special characters.
matlab\lang - Programming language constructs.
matlab\elmat - Elementary matrices and matrix manipulation.
matlab\elfun - Elementary math functions.
matlab\specfun - Specialized math functions.
matlab\matfun - Matrix functions - numerical linear algebra.
matlab\datafun - Data analysis and Fourier transforms.
matlab\polyfun - Interpolation and polynomials.
matlab\funfun - Function functions and ODE solvers.
matlab\sparfun - Sparse matrices.
matlab\scribe - Annotation and Plot Editing.
matlab\graph2d - Two dimensional graphs.
matlab\graph3d - Three dimensional graphs.
matlab\specgraph - Specialized graphs.
matlab\graphics - Handle Graphics.

January 18, 2005 J. M. Sebeson - DeVry University

© 2005
Some Elementary Functions
Exponential.

exp - Exponential.
expm1 - Compute exp(x)-1 accurately.
log - Natural logarithm.
log1p - Compute log(1+x) accurately.
log10 - Common (base 10) logarithm.
log2 - Base 2 logarithm and dissect floating point number.
pow2 - Base 2 power and scale floating point number.
realpow - Power that will error out on complex result.
reallog - Natural logarithm of real number.
realsqrt - Square root of number greater than or equal to zero.
sqrt - Square root.
nthroot - Real n-th root of real numbers.
nextpow2 - Next higher power of 2.

January 18, 2005 J. M. Sebeson - DeVry University

© 2005
Some Specialized Functions
Number theoretic functions.

factor - Prime factors.

isprime - True for prime numbers.
primes - Generate list of prime numbers.
gcd - Greatest common divisor.
lcm - Least common multiple.
rat - Rational approximation.
rats - Rational output.
perms - All possible permutations.
nchoosek - All combinations of N elements taken K at a time.
factorial - Factorial function.

January 18, 2005 J. M. Sebeson - DeVry University

© 2005
The MATLAB Language
(M-file example)
function one_period(amp,freq,phase)
% ONE_PERIOD(AMP,FREQ,PHASE)
% This function plots one period of a sine wave with a given amplitude,
% frequency (in Hz), and phase ( in degrees).
T=1000/freq; % Compute the period in ms
t=0:T/100:T; % Define a 100 point ms time vector 1 period long
y=amp*sin(2*pi*t/T+phase*pi/180); % One period of the sine function
plot(t,y) % Plot the result and format the axes and title
xlabel('milliseconds')
ylabel('amplitude')
title(['One Period of a ',num2str(freq),' Hz Sinewave with
',num2str(phase), ' Degree phase'])

January 18, 2005 J. M. Sebeson - DeVry University

© 2005
MATLAB Graphics:
2D Functions (Physics Example)

January 18, 2005 J. M. Sebeson - DeVry University

© 2005
MATLAB Graphics:
2D Functions (Physics Example)
Planck Radiation Law
3500

3000

3000 K
2500
kilowatts/sq.meter-micron

2700 K
2500 K
2000

1500

1000

500

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
wavelength microns

January 18, 2005 J. M. Sebeson - DeVry University

© 2005
MATLAB Graphics:
3D Functions (DSP Example)

January 18, 2005 J. M. Sebeson - DeVry University

© 2005
Basic MATLAB Computation:
Representation of Numbers and Variables
 MATLAB operates on n row by m column
matrices:
 A n x m quantity is an array
[8 1 6
3 5 7
4 9 2]
 A 1 x m or a n x 1 quantity is a vector
[8 1 6]
 A 1 x 1 quantity is a scalar
[8]

January 18, 2005 J. M. Sebeson - DeVry University

© 2005
Basic MATLAB Computation:
Basic Operations
 Array manipulation (Magic Square
example)
 Sum, diag, transpose, colon operator,
indexing
 Array, vector, and scalar operators
 Matrix and vector addition and
multiplication
 Element-by-element operations
 Variable statements and definitions

January 18, 2005 J. M. Sebeson - DeVry University

© 2005
MATLAB Plotting and Graphics
 Rich set of commands for 2D and 3D
plotting of functions
 Command formatting and editing
 GUI formatting and editing
 Image display capabilities
 Animation capabilities
 Simple “copy and paste” for
publishing generated figures
January 18, 2005 J. M. Sebeson - DeVry University
© 2005
MATLAB Plotting
Basic Commands
 plot – x,y line plots
 stem – n,y discrete plots (standard
representation of digital signals)
 bar – vertical bar plots
 plot3 – 3D x,y,z line plots
 mesh, surf, etc. – 3D surface plots
 show_img – display matrix as an image
 hold – hold current figure for multiple line plots
 subplot – put multiple plots in one figure frame
 Etc, etc. - See MATLAB help documentation

January 18, 2005 J. M. Sebeson - DeVry University

© 2005
Basic Plotting - Examples
 Plot of sin(x) function
 Stem of sin(x) function
 Bar of sin(x) function
 Several sine functions with “hold”
 Several sine functions with “subplot”
 2D plot of sinc(x)
 3D plot of sinc(x) [“plot_sinc” m-file]
 GUI editing
 View by rotation
 Animation [“brownian_demo” m-file]
January 18, 2005 J. M. Sebeson - DeVry University
© 2005
Basic MATLAB Programming
 Scripts
 String of MATLAB commands
 Stored as m-file (*.m)
 Use variables from command line
 Variables have names consistent with script variable names
 Used for “quick and dirty” programs
 Example: “dydx_script”
 Functions
 String of MATLAB commands
 Stored as m-file (*.m)
 Use variables as function parameters
 No restriction on parameter names
 Can return variable results
 Used for general purpose programs
 Example: “yy=dydx(x,y)

January 18, 2005 J. M. Sebeson - DeVry University

© 2005
Structure of m-file Functions:
Examples
 “one_period”
 Use of “num2str” for variable formatting
 “sumofsines”
 Use of parameter-controlled data input
loops
 “fft_plot”
 Use of MATLAB functions as subroutines
 Use of “nargin” test and branch

January 18, 2005 J. M. Sebeson - DeVry University

© 2005
Mathematics Example:
Polynomial Algebra (Convolution Operator)

 Polynomial products and factoring:

( x 2  3x  2)( x3  5x 2  4 x  4)  x5  8x 4  21x3  26 x 2  20 x  8
>> p1=[1,3,2];
>> p2=[1,5,4,4];
>> pc=conv(p1,p2)
pc =
1 8 21 26 20 8

>> deconv(pc,p2)
ans =
1 3 2
>> deconv(pc,p1)
ans =
1 5 4 4

January 18, 2005 J. M. Sebeson - DeVry University

© 2005
Mathematics Example:
Linear Systems
 Solve the system:
5 x  2 y  3 z  3
4 y  3z  2
x  y  9 z  60
 A*S=B
 MATLAB Code:

>> A=[5,-2,-3;0,4,3;1,-1,9];
>> B=[-3,-2,60]'; % Note vector transpose (‘)
>> S=linsolve(A,B)
S=
1.0000
-5.0000
6.0000

January 18, 2005 J. M. Sebeson - DeVry University

© 2005
Mathematics Example:
Polynomial Roots
 Find the roots of the following system:

y  12 x 2  x  8

 MATLAB code:
>> roots([12 -1 -8])
ans =
0.8592
-0.7759

January 18, 2005 J. M. Sebeson - DeVry University

© 2005
Mathematics Example:
Polynomial Roots
 Graphical Solution:
>> a=12;
>> b=-1;
>> c=-8;
>> x=-1:0.1:1;
>> y=a*x.^2+b*x+c;
>> plot(x,y)

January 18, 2005 J. M. Sebeson - DeVry University

© 2005
Electronic Circuits Example:
Mesh Analysis (Linear System)

Find the currents in

each branch: I1, I2

-7I1 + 6I2 = 5
6I1 – 8I2 = -10

>> A=[-7,6;6,-8];
>> B=[5;-10];
>> X=linsolve(A,B)
A*X = B ans =
1.0000
2.0000

January 18, 2005 J. M. Sebeson - DeVry University

© 2005
Electronic Circuits Example:
FET Operating Point
 Find the DC operating point of the following
circuit:

VGS
ID  
RS
2
 VGS 
I D  I DSS 1  
 VP 

January 18, 2005 J. M. Sebeson - DeVry University

© 2005
Electronic Circuits Example:
FET Operating Point
 M-file: [Vgs_o,Id_o]=NFET_OP(Idss,Vp,Rs)
 [v,id]=nfet_op(12,-4,1200);
Operating Point: Vgs = -2.3754 volts and Id = 1.9795 ma
0.012
Drain Current Transfer Function
Source Resistance Load Line
0.01

0.008
Drain Current, Id

0.006

0.004

0.002

0
-4 -3.5 -3 -2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0
Gate-Source Voltage, Vgs

January 18, 2005 J. M. Sebeson - DeVry University

© 2005
Physics Example:
Graphical Solution of a Trajectory
 Problem:
A football kicker can give the ball an
initial speed of 25 m/s. Within what
two elevation angles must he kick the
ball to score a field goal from a point
50 m in front of goalposts whose
horizontal bar is 3.44 m above the
ground?

January 18, 2005 J. M. Sebeson - DeVry University

© 2005
Physics Example:
Field Goal Problem
Solution: The general solution is the “trajectory equation.”

gx 2
y  x tan( 0 )  2
2v0 cos 2 ( 0 )

where y = height, x = distance from goal, v0 = take-off

speed, θ0 = take-off angle. Given the take-off speed of
25 m/s, the problem requires the solutions for θ0 that
result in a minimum height of y = 3.44 m at a distance
of x = 50 m from the goal post. Although an analytical
solution is possible, a graphical solution provides more
physical insight.
January 18, 2005 J. M. Sebeson - DeVry University
© 2005
Physics Example:
Field Goal Problem
 MATLAB code for a graphical solution:

>> v0=25;
>> x=50;
>> g=9.8;
>> y=3.44;
>> theta=5:.1:70;
>> theta_r=theta*pi/180;
>> z=y*ones(1,length(theta));
>> zz=x*tan(theta_r)-g*x^2./(2*v0^2*(cos(theta_r)).^2);
>> plot(theta,zz)
>> hold
Current plot held
>> plot(theta,z)

January 18, 2005 J. M. Sebeson - DeVry University

© 2005
Physics Example:
MATLAB Results

January 18, 2005 J. M. Sebeson - DeVry University

© 2005
Signal Processing Examples
 Fourier Synthesis and the Gibbs Phenomenon
 “square_jms” m-file

2    sin( n2ft ) 
ssquare(t )    
  n 1  n 
n  1,3,5,...
 Finite Impulse Response (FIR) Filter Design
0
h[n]  SINC (0 n)

 Use of “fvtool”

 Analog-to-Digital Converter Emulation

 “adc” m-file

 Digital Transfer Function in the Z-domain

 “plotH” m-file
January 18, 2005 J. M. Sebeson - DeVry University
© 2005