PLANT

ANATOMY
AND
MORPHOLOGY

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ROOT

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 ROOTS
• A root is a part of the plant axis which
normally develops below the surface of
the soil.

• Functions of Root:
‒ Anchorage
‒ Absorption
‒ Conduction
 EXTERNAL
MORPHOLOGY

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 ROOT ORIGIN
• Roots originated in the
radicle (small
embryonic root) of the
seed. It is also called as
primary root.
• Secondary root arises
from the primary root.
• Tertiary root arises from
the secondary root.
 ROOT SYSTEMS
• Taproot originates from the
seed radicle and consists
of one main root with
lateral or branches or
roots.
• It is the root system being
exhibited by dicot plants.
 ROOT SYSTEMS
• Fibrous originates from
the seed radicle and
consists of numerous fine
roots that are similar in
diameter.
• It is the root system being
exhibited by monocot
plants.
 ROOT SYSTEMS
• Adventitious are roots which grows from
any part of the plant other than the
radicle.
• They may develop from the base of the
stem, nodes, internodes, and in some
cases, from leaves.
 INTERNAL
MORPHOLOGY

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LONGITUDINAL REGIONS
• Region of Cell Division
‒ Also known as Meristematic Region.
‒ It is the growing apex of the root.
‒ The cells in this region are actively
dividing.
‒ It is covered and protected at the tip
called root cap.
LONGITUDINAL REGIONS
• Region of Elongation
‒ It can be found above the meristematic
region.
‒ This region is responsible for the increase
in the length of the root.
LONGITUDINAL REGIONS
• Region of Maturation
‒ It can be found above the region of
elongation and extends upward.
‒ Cells have already attained their final
structural characteristics.
‒ This is also called as root hair zone
because of the presence of numerous
root hairs.
SPECIALIZED
ROOTS

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 FOOD STORAGE
• These are enlarged
roots with large
quantities or starch
and
carbohydrates.
‒ Example: Sweet
Potato
 WATER STORAGE
• These are enlarged
fleshy and
succulent roots that
store water.
‒ Example: Turnip
 REPRODUCTION
• These are roots
responsible for
formation of
adventitious root
buds.
‒ Example: Radish
 AERATION
• These are roots with
pneumatophores
that allows gas
exchange.
‒ Example: Mangrove
 SUPPORT
• Buttress Roots arise
from the base of the
trunk.
‒ Example: Cotton Tree
 SUPPORT
• Brace Roots aerial roots
arisin g from the
branches that
penetrates the ground.
‒ Example: Rubber Tree
 SUPPORT
• Prop or Stilt Roots aerial
roots arising from main
stem.
- Example: Corn
 SUPPORT
• Clinging Roots aerial
roots which adhere to
some objects
- Example: Climbing ivy
 PHOTOSYNTHETIC
• These are green
aerial roots that
are capable of
photosynthesis.
‒ Example: Orchids
 PROTECTION
• These are roots
with spines or
thorns.
‒ Example: Yam
(Tugui)
 NITROGEN-FIXATION
• These are roots with
nodules containing
nitrogen-fixing
bacteria.
‒ Example: Peanut
STEM

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 STEM
• A stem is the organ of the plant that
holds structures such as leaves, flowers,
and fruits.

• Functions of stem:
‒ Mechanical Support
‒ Conduction
‒ Reproduction
 TWO TYPES OF STEM
• Primary growth brings about the
elongation of the stem and establishes
the basic patterns of cells. It forms
herbaceous stem, and evident in both
monocot and dicot plants.
• Secondary growth increases the
diameter or thickness of the stem. It
forms woody stem, and evident in dicot
plants only.
 EXTERNAL
MORPHOLOGY

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• Node is the area or region where leaves
are attached.
• Internode is the area or region between
the nodes.
• Bud occurs in the angle between the
petiole and the stem.
‒ Axillary Bud is located in the axil and
may become branches or develop into
flower.
‒ Terminal Bud is located at the tip of
each twig and normally produces
tissues that extends the length of a twig.
• Leaf Scar is the scar
left by a fallen leaf.
• Bundle Scar is the
scar within the leaf
scar that mark the
location of water-
conducting tissues.
• Lenticels are the
dark spots or
elevations that allow
gas exchange in the
stem.
 INTERNAL
MORPHOLOGY

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 VASCULAR REGIONS
• Epidermis is the outermost layer of the
stem. It is made up epidermal cells
(provide a protection to the plant from
external environment), guard cells (controls
gas exchange), and epidermal hairs (also
called as trichomes).
 VASCULAR REGIONS
• Cortex is the complex region found next to
the epidermis. It consists of large, thin-
walled parenchyma (food storage, food
production, and light absorption),
collenchyma (mechanical support – resists
bending and pulling action of the wind) ,
and schlerenchyma (mechanical strength
– makes it hard and stiff).
 VASCULAR REGIONS
• Vascular Cylinder (Stele) is the innermost
tissue region of the stem. It is primarily
composed of vascular tissues, phloem, and
xylem.
‒ Phloem transports nutrients and water.
(upwards and downwards)
‒ Xylem transports food. (upwards from
roots to other parts like leaves.)
SPECIALIZED
STEMS

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 STORAGE
• Rhizome is a horizontal
stem which grows near
the surface of the soil
which maybe swollen
due to presence of
stored food.
‒ Example: Ginger

• Tubers terminal portions

of an underground
stems with stored food.
‒ Example: Potato
 STORAGE
• Bulbs are short,
compact stem with a
cluster of broad, fleshy
leaves.
‒ Example: Onion

• Corm are underground

stem filled with stored
food and grows in a
vertical direction.
‒ Example: Gabi
 REPRODUCTION
(Subaerial Stem Modifications)
• Runner is a
slender prostate
branch creeping
on the ground
and rooting at
the nodes.
‒ Example:
Strawberry
 REPRODUCTION
• Stolon is a slender
lateral branch
originating from
an underground
stem and grows
horizontally
outward.
‒ Example: Gabi
 REPRODUCTION
• Offset a short runner with one internode
long, originates in the axil of a leaf as a
short, thickened,horizontal branches. It
produces a rosette of leaves above and
adventitious roots below.
‒ Example: Water Hyacinth

• Sucker is also a lateral branch developing

from underground part of the main stem
but grows obliquely upwards and gives rise
to a leafy shoot or a new plant.
‒ Example: Bamboo
 SUPPORT
• Tendrils are thin,
leafless, spirally
curved branches
by which climber
attach themselves
to other objects.
‒ Example: Squash
 PROTECTION
• Spines and Thorns
are hard, straight,
pointed structures
in the stem.
‒ Example: Rose
 PHOTOSYNTHETIC
• Cladophylls are leaflike flattened
branch with single internode that
resembles and functions as a leaf.
‒ Example: Asparagus
• Phylloclade are leaflike flattened
branch with multiple node and
internode that resembles and functions
as a leaf.
‒ Example: Cactus
LEAVES

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 LEAVES
• A leaf may be regarded as the flattened,
lateral outgrowth of the stem or node with
a bud in its axil.
• All leaves originated on leaf primordia.

• Functions of Leaves:
‒ Photosynthesis
‒ Transpiration
 EXTERNAL
MORPHOLOGY

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• Stipules are outgrowths at the base of
the leaf.
• Stipulate are leaves with stipule.
• Exstipulate are leaves without stipule.

• Leaf Base is the part near the petiole.

• In monocot, it is expanded into leaf
sheath which partially or completely
covers the stem.
• In dicot, the leaf base bears two lateral
outgrowth called stipules.
• Petiole refers to the stalk of the leaf
which is attached to the stem.
• Sessile is the term when petiole is absent.
• Petiolate is the term when petiole is
present.

• Leaf Blade (Lamina) refers to the green,

flattened portion of the leaves. It
performs most of the photosynthesis in
the plant.
• Midrib is the thick central vein of a leaf.
• Veins are the branches of midrib.
• Veinlets are the branches of the veins.
LEAF BLADE CONFIGURATION
• Simple Leaf consists of a single blade which
may be entire, lobed, or cleft but not down
to the midrib. Example: Santol

• Compound leaf has a blade divided into a

number of segments called leaflets in
various ways.
‒ Pinnate when the rachis bears leaflets
arranged in a linear sequence.
‒ Palmate when there are rachis of the first,
second, and third order.
 PHYLLOTAXY
• Phyllotaxy refers to the leaf arrangement
on the stem.
‒ Alternate (or Spiral) refers to a single leaf
present at each node.
Example: Mango
‒ Opposite refers to two leaves arise from
each node opposite each other.
Example: Guava
‒ Whorled refers to the leaf arrangement with
more than two leaves at each node in a
circle or whorl.
Example: Yellow bell
 LEAF VENATION
• Leaf venation refers to the arrangement
of veins and veinlets in the leaf.
‒ Netted (or Reticulate) when there is a midrib
forming veins, and veins forming veinlets
that are arranged in a network pattern.
Most common among dicot plants.
‒ Parallel when veins run parallel to each
other. It is the venation present among
monocot plants.
 LEAF ORIENTATION
• Dorsiventral
(Bifacial Leaves)
‒ Leaves are
horizontally
oriented.

• Isobilateral
(Equifacial Leaves)
‒ Leaves are
vertically oriented.
LEAF SHAPE
LEAF APEX
LEAF MARGIN
LEAF BASE
 INTERNAL
MORPHOLOGY

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CROSS-SECTIONAL VIEW
• Epidermis
‒ Upper Epidermis is a single layer of similar
cells covering the upper surfaces of the leaf
to prevent excessive water loss from the
surface.
‒ Lower Epidermis is similar to the upper
epidermis except that it has thinner cuticle
and stomata is present.
• Stomata controls the exchange of gases in
and out of the leaf, and the loss of water
vapor through guard cells.
CROSS-SECTIONAL VIEW
• Mesophyll is the ground tissue lying
between the upper and lower epidermis.
‒ Parenchyma which functions are to absorb
light and manufacture food.
‒ Chlorenchyma are parenchyma cells
containing numerous chloroplast.

• Midrib and Veins contains vascular bundles

(xylem and phloem)at the center, while
parenchyma, and collenchyma at the
surrounding.
SPECIALIZED
LEAVES

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 REPRODUCTION
• Plantlets or buds
may grow along the
notches, bases,
apices, and tips of
blades and petioles.
‒ Example: Kataka-
taka leaves
 AERATION
• Enlarged petiole for
buoyancy.
‒ Example: Waterlily
leaves
 SUPPORT
• Presence of:
‒ Tendrils
‒ Example: Squash

‒ Hooks
• three terminal leaflets of
leaf get modified into
claw like hooks which
help in climbing
‒ Example: Green Peas
 SUPPORT
• Presence of:
‒ Supporting leaf base
‒ Example: Banana
 ABSORPTION
• Uncutinized
epidermis, usually
aquatic plants.
‒ Example: Digman
leaves
• Insectivorous leaves.
‒ Example: Pitcher
plant
 PROTECTION
• Presence of:
‒ Bud Scales
‒ Example: Pineapple
‒ Motile Leaves
‒ Example: Makahiya
‒ Spines
‒ Example: Cactus
 STORAGE
• Presence of:
‒ Fleshy blades
‒ Example: Aloe vera
‒ Bulbs
‒ Example: Onion
ATTRACTION
• Petaloid flower
bracts.
- Bracts sometimes
become brightly
colored simulating
petals. These may
easily be mistaken for
petals.
‒ Example:
Bougainvillea
ATTRACTION
• Brightly-variegated
leaves.
- exhibiting different
colors, especially as
irregular patches or
streaks.
‒ Example: Mayana
 PHOTOSYNTHETIC
• Expanded Leaflike
Petiole.
‒ Example: Pomela
• Expanded Leaflike
Stipules.
‒ Example: Rose
THANK YOU!
 • Performance Task # 2
1. Bring the following materials
- 1/2 illustration board
- plastic cover
- scissors and tape
THANK YOU!
- design materials (e.g. colored pens)
- 5 pieces of different species of leaf
(indicate the name and scientific name)
- 1 piece of stem
- 1 piece each of 3 types of root system