The Body in Action

Year 9 PASS, Lesson 1

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The Body in Action
We will be looking at the body systems that allow for movement:

1. Skeletal system
2. Muscular system
3. Circulatory system
4. Respiratory system

We will be investigating the functions of each system, locating important organs

that make up each system and analysing how each system contributes to
movement.

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Learning Intention

1. To explain the functions of the various body systems and the role they
play in physical activity
Tasks:
1. Complete the table on pg. 1-2 of your workbook using the website
http://www.mananatomy.com/body-systems
2. Distinguish which of the 4 body systems are most important to bodily
functioning during physical activity and explain why
3. Exit ticket: Match the body system to it’s picture on pg. 3 of workbook
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Which 4 Body Systems are the most relevant to Physical
Activity? Why?
1. Skeletal System
Allows us to move and perform the complicated series of actions required for
physical activity.
2. Muscular System
Gives us strength and power. Causes the movements required for physical
activity.
3. Cardiovascular System
Supplies the body with the oxygen required to produce energy, particularly for
the working muscles used in physical activity.
4. Respiratory System
Brings in the oxygen that is transported around the body. Gives us the
endurance we need to perform physical activity.
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The Body in Action
Year 9 PASS, Lesson 2

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Learning Intention

1. To describe the the functions of the skeletal system and identify the
name and location of major bones.

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What is the skeletal system?

Your Skeletal system is all of the bones in the

body and the tissues such as tendons,
ligaments and cartilage that connect them.

Your teeth are also considered part of your

skeletal system but they are not counted as
bones.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J8x6tZI
2hVI

Why do we have a skeletal system? What

does it do? (What are its functions?).

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The functions of the Skeletal System
There are 5 basic functions which are performed by the Skeletal System:

1. Support
2. Movement
3. Protection
4. Production
5. Storage

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1. Support
Bones provide a framework for the body by supporting soft tissues and providing points of attachment for
many Skeletal Muscles. Bones also give the body shape and structure, without them we would be floppy.

2. Protect
Bones protect many internal organs from injury. For example, the cranial bones protect the brain, vertebrae
surround the spinal cord, the rib cage encloses the heart and lungs and the pelvis guards internal
reproductive organs.

3. Movement
Skeletal muscles attach to bones. When muscles contract, they pull on bones and together they produce
movement.

4. Production
Within certain parts of bones, a connective tissue called red marrow produces blood cells. It produces red
and white blood cells and platelets (which cause the blood to clot and prevent blood loss when we cut
ourselves.)

5. Storage
The bone tissue stores several minerals, such as calcium and phosphorus, which can be released into the
blood when needed
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Identification of major bones
Label your skeleton
Cranium Clavicle
Mandible Pelvic
Scapula Sacrum
Vertebra Coccyx
Humerus Femur
Radius Patella
Ulna Fibula
Carpals Tibia
Metacarpals Tarals
Phalanges Metatarsals
Rib Phalanges
Sternum 10
Quiz yourself...

https://quizlet.com/_1yxza8

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Can you...

1. Describe the functions of the skeletal system

2. Name and locate the major bones

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The Body in Action
Year 9 PASS, Lesson 3

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Learning Intention

1. To explain the role of the axial and appendicular skeleton and identify
and explain the characteristics of the different types of bone

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Identification of major bones
The human skeleton is made up of 206 bones. It
is then classified in 2 main sections:

1. Axial skeleton

Bones that lie around the long axis of the

body. These include your ribs, sternum,
skull and spinal column.

2. Appendicular skeleton

The bones of your limbs and the bones

which connect your limbs to the axial
skeleton. 15
Interesting facts!
Babies are born with over 300 bones. As they develop some
of these, such as the skull, fuse together to give the 206 of
an adult.

Bones can continue to grow until you are 30yrs of age.

However is usually completed between 13-18

An adult skeleton contains more than 2 litres of water.

A Girraffe’s neck contains the same number of cervical

vertebrae (7) as a humans neck
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Types of bone
There are four main types of bone in the human body; each has a different size and shape
related to the jobs that do.
https://www.pulib.sk/web/kniznica/elpub/dokument/Hornakova4/subor/5.pdf
Type Description Example

Long bones These are long and affect our overall height, for example, the Femur and humerus
legs and arms.

Short These are smaller and are often found with many others. Phalanges
bones

Flat bones These are flat and are often found forming a protective Cranium and pelvis
surface.

Irregular These are irregular in shape and have a specific function. Vertebrae
bones 17
Types of bones

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How well do you know your bones?

● Each group will be given a sheet with various bones

on them.

● You are to cut out the bone names and personalise

each one e.g. colour code (so we all know the
group it belongs to).

● Each group is challenged to place the bone names

where they think they go on the skeleton.

● The group with the most correct answers wins the

challenge!
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 The vertebral column

Movement: The joints of the spine mean

you can bend and twist

Support: The spine is long and strong to

support other body parts, e.g. the head

Protection: The spine is hard and protects

the spinal cord (main pathway for
information connecting the brain and
peripheral nervous system)

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The vertebral column
Made of up 33 vertebrae divided into 5 regions.

Cervical vertebrae (7): Supports the head, allowing it to

bend and twist.

Thoracic vertebrae (12): The ribs are connected to these

and there is little movement.

Lumbar vertebrae (5): These are big and allow powerful

twisting and bending of the back.

Sacrum vertebrae (5): These form one solid mass, which

is fused to the pelvis.

Coccyx vertebrae (5): These are the remains of our tail 21

The Body in Action
Year 9 PASS, Lesson 4

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 Revision
Have you been paying attention? 23
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9 18

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5 10 21
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Learning Intention:

1. To describe the characteristics of the different types of joints in the

human body and their role in efficient movement

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Classification of joints
A joints is where two or more bones meet. Joints can allow movement,
but they can also provide stability.

Joints are classified by both their structure and function, that is the
amount of movement they allow.

There are 3 main classifications of joints:

● Fibrous or immovable
● Cartilaginous or slightly movable
● Synovial or freely movable

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Immovable Joints
The bones are fixed or fused together and do not allow movement at the joint.

They include: the joints between the bones in the cranium, between the first rib and
the sternum, and between the teeth and jaw bone.

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Slightly Movable Joints
These bones are joined by cartilage and allow a small amount of movement to
occur at the joint.

They include: the joint between the clavicle and scapula, between each of the
vertebrae and the pubic symphysis of the pelvis.

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Freely Movable Joints/Synovial joints
A freely movable joint allows a high degree of movement.

Synovial joints play the most important role in physical activity. They allow us to
perform movements such as running or holding a bat or ball.

There are several types of synovial joints that allow various types of movement.

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Synovial Joints
When are person exercises, the way in which they move is
restricted by six moveable joints, known as synovial joints.

There are several characteristics that are unique to all synovial

joints.

They work together to ensure the stability of the joint and to

keep it moving freely. They include:

1. Cartilage
2. Synovial fluid
3. Ligaments
4. Tendons
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Hinge joint
The convex (round) surface of one bone fits into the concave (scooped) surface of
another.

They allow movement in only one direction, similar to that of a hinged door.
Examples include: - knee
- elbow

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Ball and Socket Joint
The ball shaped surface of one bone fits into the cup shaped depression of
another.

They allow a high range of movement in several directions.

Examples include: - hip & shoulder

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Saddle Joint
The surface of one bone is shaped like a saddle and the other is shaped like a
rider.

They allow movement in two directions.

Example: - the thumb

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Pivot Joint
A rounded or pointed surface of one bone moves within a ring formed partly by
another bone and partly by a ligament.

The movement which occurs at this joint is the rotation of a bone around its own
axis.

Examples include: - Between the atlas and axis vertebrae in the neck and
between the radius and ulna

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Gliding Joints
The surface of the bones are usually flat or slightly curved and they glide on each
other.

They allow movement in two directions.

Examples: - between the carpal bones in hand
- between the tarsal bones in ankle

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Condyloid or Ellipsoidal Joint
The oval shaped surface of one bone fits into the oval shaped cavity of another.

They allow movement in two directions but can combine the two movements to
create a third called semi-circumduction.
Example: - between the radius and carpals in wrist
- between the tibia and tarsals in ankle

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Joint actions
Handout

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The Body in Action
Year 9 PASS, Lesson 5

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Learning intention:

1. To describe the functions of the muscular system and identify the

name and location of major muscles

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What is the muscular system?
Attached to the bones of the skeletal system are over
600 named muscles that make up roughly half of a
person’s body weight. Each of these muscles is a
discrete organ constructed of skeletal muscle tissue,
blood vessels, tendons, and nerves. Muscle tissue is
also found inside of the heart, digestive organs, and
blood vessels.

We have involuntary muscles and voluntary muscles.

Involuntary muscles work without you thinking about it
(e.g. the cardiac muscle). Voluntary muscles only work
when you want them to, also know as a skeletal muscle.

Why do we have a muscular system? What does it do?

(What are its functions?).
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Type of Muscle Tissue

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 Major muscles in our body
1
2
6
7
3
8
4

5 9 10

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 Revision: Poke a muscle
http://www.anatomyarcade.com/games/PAM/PAM.html

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 5

1
6
8
2
9
3

Test yourself..
4 10
7

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The Body in Action
Year 9 PASS, Lesson 6

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Learning intention:

1. Anatomical terms
2. Muscular contractions

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1DmMlT3u4ZTDZMAvI4zNLrux20ryhz
B0MaCKVRKDCb_0/edit

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Human anatomy terms
The following terms are those which are used to
identify the location of parts of the human body.

These terms are often used to describe a specific

portion of a structure or to compare the locations of
two different structures. The following human
anatomy terms are given using the correct
anatomical position: standing erect, facing the
observer, arms are at the sides with palms facing
forward

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True/False
The neck is superior to the pelvis
The hip is superior to the shoulder
Sally is walking towards you. You are looking at her from an anterior
view.
The shoulder is lateral to the neck.
The knee is proximal to the hip.

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The Body in Action
Year 9 PASS, Lesson 7

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 Muscular contractions
● All muscles of the musculoskeletal system work in pairs -
called agonists and antagonists. This allows the muscles
to pull on the bone and produce movement.

● During the movement, the muscle responsible for the

moving of the body part contracts or shortens is called
the agonist. (The prime mover).

● The antagonist muscle is responsible for stretching or

lengthening the muscle to allow the movement to occur
(relaxes)

● A muscle acts as the agonist in one direction and as the

antagonist in the opposite direction. 51
For example : when bending the elbow towards the shoulder, the biceps muscle contracts
and is the agonist, the triceps muscles stretch and is the antagonists. When the movement
is reversed and the elbow extended the triceps contract and is the agonists and the biceps
muscles lengthens and is the antagonist 52
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Practical application
Activity Agonist Antagonist
Sitting position on a chair - extend
one knee
Raise one arm to the side
In a standing position, lift your leg
backward.
Moving the arms backward (arms are
held horizontal and shoulder high for
this movement)

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Practical application
Activity Agonist Antagonist
Sitting position on a chair - extend Quadriceps Hamstrings
one knee
Raise one arm to the side Deltoids Latissimus Dorsi

In a standing position, lift your leg Hamstrings Quadriceps

backward.
Moving the arms backward (arms are Trapezius Pectorals
held horizontal and shoulder high for
this movement)

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The Body in Action
Year 9 PASS, Lesson 8-10

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Today’s lesson will focus on:

1. Circulatory system
a. Structure
b. Function

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The Circulatory System

What do you already know?

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q0s-1MC1hcE

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The Circulatory System
The CIRCULATORY SYSTEM consists of:
● THE HEART
● BLOOD VESSELS
● BLOOD

All body cells require energy in order to work properly, e.g. muscle cells would not
be able to contract without a supply of oxygen and fuel. The circulatory system is
the body’s transport system.
● It carries blood from the heart to all the cells of the body, providing them with
fuel and oxygen
● It carries waste products away from the body, including carbon dioxide.

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Component Function

Heart The walls of the heart are made of really strong muscles that squeeze
and relax to pump blood around the body.

The main job of the heart is to pump blood to every part of the body.
The blood carries oxygen, vitamins and minerals that your body needs to
move, think, grow and repair itself. At the same time the blood picks up
stuff that your body doesn't need and takes it to those parts of your body
that get rid of waste (your lungs, kidneys and liver).

Blood vessels A blood vessel's main function is to transport blood around the body.
Blood vessels also play a role in controlling your blood pressure.
Arteries carry blood away from the heart to other organs.
Veins are the blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart.
Capillaries are tiny vessels that have very thin walls which allow
nutrients from the blood to pass into the body tissues. Waste products
from body tissues can also pass into the capillaries.

Blood
Whole blood contains three types of blood cells:
1. red blood cells- carry oxygen
2. white blood cells- fight disease
3. platelets- involved in the clotting process
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 The heart (structure)
Four chambers of the heart

1. Right atrium
2. Right ventricle
3. Left atrium
4. Left ventricle

There are four valves in the heart which prevent

blood from flowing backwards.

The muscular wall of the left ventricle is much

thicker than the right because it has to pump
blood around the whole body. The right ventricle
is thinner because it only has to pump blood
through the lungs.
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Pathway of blood through heart

1. From right atrium, it goes through the tricuspid valve to the right ventricle.

2. From the pulmonary veins, blood flows into the left atrium.

3. Blood is distributed to the rest of the body from the aorta.

4. From the lungs, oxygenated blood is returned to the heart through the pulmonary veins.

5. From the left ventricle, it goes through the aorta.

6. From the left atrium, blood flows through the bicuspid valve into the left ventricle.

7. Deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium from the superior and inferior venae cavae.

8. From the right ventricle, it goes through the pulmonary valve to the right and left pulmonary
arteries to the lungs.

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 Pathway of blood through heart
1. Deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium from the superior and inferior venae cavae.

2. From right atrium, it goes through the tricuspid valve to the right ventricle.

3. From the right ventricle, it goes through the pulmonary valve to the right and left pulmonary
arteries to the lungs.

4. From the lungs, oxygenated blood is returned to the heart through the pulmonary veins.

5. From the pulmonary veins, blood flows into the left atrium.

6. From the left atrium, blood flows through the bicuspid valve into the left ventricle.

7. From the left ventricle, it goes through the aorta.

8. Blood is distributed to the rest of the body from the aorta.

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64
 The Cardiac cycle- how the heart beats

Stage 1
Stage 2
Stage 3
The heart muscles relax and
The top chambers (atria)
both sides of the heart fill up The ventricles contract and
contract and the blood is forced
with blood from the veins. the blood is forced out of the
into the bottom chambers
heart into the arteries.
(ventricles).

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Pulse rates
The pulse is caused by the action of the
HEART as it pumps BLOOD around the
BODY. Every time the heart beats
(CONTRACTS) it can be felt as a PULSE, due
to the pumped blood making the ARTERY
walls EXPAND and then CONTRACT.

It can be MEASURED wherever an ARTERY

passes close to the surface of the skin.

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Pulse rate points
Radial Pulse – found at the base of the thumb on
either side of the wrist.

Carotid Pulse – found on either side of the neck to

the side of the windpipe.

Temporal Pulse – found just over the temple on either

side of the forehead.

Femoral Pulse – found at the top of each leg in the

groin.

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My heart rate (practical activity)
My resting heart rate is ________beats/minute

My maximum heart rate (MHR) is ______________

After participating in step ups for 60 seconds my heart rate was ______ beats/min

This is ___________% of my MHR

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Exploring the circulatory system

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The Body in Action
Year 9 PASS, Lesson 8

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Today’s lesson will focus on:

1. Respiratory System
a. Structure
b. Function

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 The Respiratory System

What do you already know?

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73
The Respiratory System- what does it do?
Our cells need oxygen to survive. One of the waste
products produced by cells is another gas called carbon
dioxide. The respiratory system takes up oxygen from the air
we breathe and expels the unwanted carbon dioxide. The
main organ of the respiratory system is the lungs.

The respiratory system also allows us to talk. Exhaled air

runs over the vocal cords inside the throat.

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The exchange of gases within the lungs

Worksheet

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Where does the air we breathe in go?
1. Oxygen enters the respiratory system through the mouth and the nose.
2. Oxygen passes through the larynx and the trachea.
3. In the chest cavity, the trachea splits into two smaller tubes called the bronchi. Each
bronchus then divides again forming the bronchial tubes. The bronchial tubes lead
directly into the lungs where they divide into many smaller tubes which connect to
alveoli.
4. Alveoli are sac-like air spaces in the lung where carbon dioxide and oxygen are
exchanged.
5. The inhaled oxygen passes into the alveoli and then diffuses through the capillaries into
the arterial blood.
6. Meanwhile, the waste-rich blood from the veins releases its carbon dioxide into the
alveoli. Carbon dioxide follows the same path out of the lungs when you exhale
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The Body in Action
Year 9 PASS, Lesson 9

TOPIC TEST

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