 STATISTIC: Measured or counted fact

or a piece of information
like height, birth, weight

 STATISTICS (Data) : Plural of above, more

than one in number like
height of 2 persons etc

 STATISTICS (Branch): A science of figures

 DEFINITION: Art and science of

collection, compilation,
presentation and analysis
and logical interpretation
of data
 MEDICAL STATISTICS: Application of Statistical
methods for study disease,
disability, efficacy of vaccine, a
new regime, etc

 HEALTH STATISTICS: Application of statistics for

studying various information
of public health importance

 VITAL STATISTICS: Data related to births, deaths,

marriages, divorces, health
and disease states

 BIOSTATISTICS: Application of statistics in the

medical field
 IN PHYSIOLOGY & ANATOMY:

 For defining the limits of normality of biological

variables like Height, Weight, Pulse rate etc.
 To find the differences between same variable of two
groups at two different locations
For Eg. Mean height of boys of Punjab is more
than the mean height of boys of
Gujarat
 IN PHARMACOLOGY :

 To decide that an action of a drug in a given human or

animal is by chance or actual

 To compare the actions of two different drugs

 Derive the potency of a drug as compared with a

standard drug
 IN MEDICINE:

 To find out the efficacy of a given drug or intervention

 To find out association between two attributes like

cancer & cigarette smoking

 To identify the signs and symptoms of a given disease

For Eg. Cough is found by chance and fever
in every case of typhoid
 IN PUBLIC HEALTH & PREVENTIVE MEDICINE:

 To test the usefullness of sera and vaccines in the field

 In epidemiology to find out role of causative factors
and determining etiology
 VARIABLE: A characteristic that takes different
values in different persons, places &
timings.
A quantity which varies within limits
 CONSTANTS: Quantites which don’t vary like ∏=
3.14, e= 2.718
In statistics, mean, SD, SE remain
constant
 OBSERVATION: Any measurement like
bp of 120/80
 OBSERVATIONAL UNIT : The source that gives
information like person
 DATA: A set of data recorded on
one or more observational
units
 POPULATION: Entire group of people or
study elements- persons,
timings, or measurements
for which we have interest
at a particular time
 SAMPLE: Part of the population
Group of sampling units
which form part of a
population generally selected to
be representative of the
population
 SAMPLING UNIT: Each member of the population
 PARAMETER: Summary value or constant that
describes the population such as
mean, SD, variance
 STATISTIC: Summary value or constant that
describes the sample such as mean,
SD, variance

 PARAMETRIC TEST:
Test used when the given set of data tend to follow a
given distribution like normal, binomial etc.

 NON PARAMETRIC TESTS:

Test like X2 in which no specific distribution is
followed.
 Experiments: Of physiology, biochemistry,
pharmacology, pathology etc.
 Surveys: Studies to find out incidence
and prevalence of malaria & leprosy
Census
 Records: Records of births, deaths,
marriages, sickness etc.
1. DISCRETE and CONTINOUS:

 DISCRETE: A data which involves only

whole numbers like number of
people dying in road traffic
accidents
Name of vaccine No of vials wasted

Polio 10

DPT 15

BCG 05
 CONTINOUS DATA: Data in which we get fractions
is called continous data like
height, weight, Hemoglobin
etc.

Hemoglobin level No of students

10.1-10.5 12

10.6-11.0 10

11.1-11.5 15
2. GROUPED and UNGROUPED DATA:

 GROUPED DATA: Presented in groups.

For e.g. Hb levels can be
presented in following way

Hb level Frequency

12.3 3

14.1 2

14.5 2
 UNGROUPED DATA: In this presentation the data
is presented individually
For e.g. The above data can be
presented like
Hb Values-
12.3, 12.3, 12.3, 14.5, 14.5, 14.1,
14.1

3. PRIMARY and SECONDARY DATA:

 PRIMARY DATA: Obtained directly by

questioning the individual
 SECONDARY DATA: Obtained from an outside
source like hospital records,
census etc.
4. NOMINAL and ORDINAL DATA:

 NOMINAL DATA:

 In nominal data, the data fits into any one of the

categories but the categories cannot be ordered.
 For E.g. Religion, color of eyes, race etc.
 ORDINAL DATA:

 Data presented in categories which can be ordered

one above the other
 For E.g. The ranking of students

Marks in percentage Class

<35 % Fail

36-50% 3rd class

51-59 % 2nd class

>60% 1st class

 QUALITATIVE DATA:

 Represents a particular quality or attribute

 Religion, sex, tall, short, blood group
 Thus it shows the presence or absence of a given
attribute of interest
 Expressed in numbers
Attribute Men Women

Attacks 40 30

Deaths 12 8

Percentage died 30 26.7

 QUANTITATIVE DATA:

 Data that can be measured on a measurable scale

 Here measurements can be fractional
 Height, Weight, Hemoglobin etc.

Height in cm No of students

161-165 10

166-170 15

171-175 20