Sel Tumbuhan

Bagian dan fungsinya

 SEl
Nucleoplasma
Protoplasma
Sitoplasma

• Endomembran System
Cytoskeleton
 Extracellular
SISTEM ENDOMEMBRAN
 a. Endoplasmic Retculum

The Smooth ER functions in diverse metabolic process, which vary with cell type.
For exanple: synthesis of lipids, metabolism of carboydrates, detoxification of drugs and
poisons, and storage of calcium ions.

Rough ER together (ER binding ribosom) is membran factory for the cell. The RER
makes phospholipid, enzymes buillt into the ER T membrane assemble phospholipid
from precusor in the cytosol. TH ER membrane expand and portions of it are transfered
in the form of transport vesicles to other componen of the endomembran system.

The cell grows in place by adding the protein and phospholipid to its membran from ER.
b. Golgi Aparatus
 c. Lysosome

Lysosom is a membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes that anymal cell uses to digest
(hydrolyze) macromolecules. Lysosome enzymes work best in acidic environment .
If lysosom breaks open or leaks its contents, the released enzymes are not very active
because the cytosol has neutral pH. However, excessive leakage for a large number of
Lysosomen can destroy a cell by self digestion.

In plant cell, hydrolytic vacuoles are considered as lysosomes in animal cells

 d. Vacuole

Vacuole function in diverse maintenance compartment. Vacuoles are large vesicle derived
From ER and Golgi aparatus. Thus, vacuoles are integral part of cel’s endomembrane system.
The vacuole membrane is selective in transporting solutes, as a fresult, the solution inside
vacuoles differs in composition from the cytosol. The function sf vacuole in plant are:
1. Main repository of inorganic ions including K+ and Cl-.
2. Big central vaculole (the result of coalesence of smaller ones) plays a major role in the
growth of the plant , which enlarge as the vacuole absorbs water, enabling of the cell
become larger with a minimal investment in new cytoplasm
ENERGY PRODUCTION ORGANELS
Teori endosimbiosis :
asal mula adanya mitokondria
dan kloroplas dalam sel eukariot

Mitokondria bearasal dari

nonfotosintesis prokariot (aerob)
Kloroplas berasal dari: p
rokariot fotosintesis

Panah besar menunjukkan

Perubahan melalui proses
evolusi

Panah kecil menunjukkan proses

Endosimbiosis menjadi organel
Mitochodria: perubahan energi kimia
Mitochodria:
penangkapan energi cahaya

Other plastids and their function?

 Peroxisome

Peroxisome is sa specialized
Metabolic compartment
bounded by a single membrane

Specialized peroxisomes called

Glyoxysomes, found in fat-
Storing tissues of plant seed
Peroxysome functions:
1. Contains enzymes to remove H atoms from various substrates and transfer
them to O2 and producing hydrogen peroxyde (H2O2).
The H2O2 then is converted to water.
2. Use O2 to break fatty acid down into smaller molecules and transport ed to
mitochondria and used as fuel for cellular respiration.
3. In animal, within liver cells , detoxify alcohol and other harmfull compounds
by transfering H from piosons to O2.
Peroxysom grows larger by incorporating proteins made in cytosol and ER,
as well as lipids. Made in ER and within peroxysome itself. Peroxisome may
increase in number by spliting i n two when they reach a certain size

Glyoxysome functions:
1. Contain ezymes taht initiate the conversion of fatty acid to sugar to be used
as a source or fuel and carbon in the emerging seelding until it can perform
photoshynthesis.
Cytoskeleton

Jaringan serabut
yang menyebar
ke seluruh
sitoplasma, me
ngatur struktur
dan aktivitas sel
 Cytoskeleton Roles:
• Support and motility:
1. It gives mecanical support to maintain cell shape and anchorage
for other oragnes and enzymes
2. very dynamic so it can dismantled in one part of cell and
ressembled in new loction, changing the shape of cell.
3. interaction of the cytoskelton with motor protein provide cell
motility
4. manipulate the plasma membrane,
making it bend inward to form food
vacuole or phagocytic vesicles.
5. streaming of cytoplasm that
circulates the materials within
many large plant cells
 EKSTRACELULAR

Plasma membran membatasi bagian sel yang

hidup (protoplasma). Sebagian besar sel
mensintesis dan mengsekresi berbagai materi
ke lingkungan ekstraselular atau bagian luar
sel. Meskipun senyawa tersebut berada di
luar sel, namun secara biologi sangat penting
karen karena berperan penting pada berbagai
fungsi sel.
1. Cell wall
Dinding sel.
• Terdapat pada sel tanaman. Melindungi sel dari lingkungan luar,
mempertahankan bentuk sel, dan mencegah penyerapan air yang
berlebihan. Pada tanaman adanya dinding sel menyebabkan tumbuhan
dapat berdiri tegak melawan gaya gravitasi.
• Dinding sel disusun oleh mikrofibril selulosa yang disintesis oleh enzim
selulosa syntetase, dieksrresi ke ruang ekstraselular kemudian menyatu
dengan matriks yang tersusun atas polisakarida dan protein .
• Sel muda yang sedang tumbuh memproduksi dinding sel primer.
Mikrofibrilselulosa berperan dalam menentukan arah penempatan
atau deposisi serabut selulosa di dalam dinding sel, dengan demikian
mempengaruhi pola prtumbuhan sel.
• Midle lamella terletak diantara 2 sel, merupaka polisakarida yang
lengket disebut pektin sehingga dapat melekatkan satu sel dan yang
lainnya (pektin adalah agen pengembang pada jeli atau jam/selai). Pada
saat sel dewasa dan tidak tumbuh lagi, pektin memperkuat sel.

Cell junction
• Pada tumbuhan plasmodesmata (plasmodesma= singular)