JOINTS AND FASTENERS

Introduction
2

 A machine or construction consists of several components

that are made separately and then mounted to each
other (assembled).
 Assembly or installation of components sometimes requires
locking mechanism or locking tools.
 These locks plays important role, serving as a support for
the smooth functioning of the machine itself.
 Therefore these type of parts called fastener, to yield a
good joint among components
 Joints Classification
3

1. Permanent joints, this type of joint which can not be

disassembled without destroying the connecting
components.
 The examples of permanent fastenings in order of
strength are soldered, brazed, welded and riveted joints
 This type of joint able to withstand many type of loads,
such as tensile, shear, compress or combination loads
4

2. Detachable joints, is a type of joints which can be

disassembled without destroying the connecting
components (temporary fastening)
3. The examples of temporary fastenings are screws, keys,
cotters, pins and splined, snap ring
5

 The selection of permanent joints is based on the

consideration that "future dismantling" is no longer
required, or assembly / construction is permanent
 While detachable joint is based on ease of maintenance,
repair and replacement, installation and transportation as
well.
 Riveted Joints
6

 Riveted joint is one of permanent joints commonly used for

pressure vessel, airplane, ship, bridge.
 Riveted joints are usually chosen in a construction when
vibration occurs. This vibration can be muted / stopped by
the riveted joint because there are still parts that are not
rigid among them.
 Small / narrow gap between rivet and the material will
give space for small sliding or expansion-shrinkage
 Riveting
7

 Rivet is initially a rod-shaped metal (cylindrical rod) which

is then formed into heads at both ends.
 The process of making heads can use tools, as well as
manual (hammering)
8
9
10
11

 Rivet is made from ductile materials, such as carbon

steel, aluminium and brass
 Forms of rivet
12
 Standard of Rivet
13

According to IS 2998-1965, a steel rivet at least:

 Has a tensile strength of > 40 N / mm2

 Having elongation > 26%

 The shank section can be bent up to 180o without cracking

either at room temperature or after heat-quench at
650oC
 Shank rivets can be formed to head up to 2.5 x initial
diameter without cracking
 Types of Riveted Joints
14

 There are two types of riveted joints, depending upon the

way in which the plates are connected.
 1. Lap joint, and 2. Butt joint
 Lap joint consist of:
15
 Butt joint
16
17

 Pitch (p). The distance from the centre of one rivet to the
center of the next rivet measured parallel to the seam.
 Back pitch (pb). The perpendicular distance between the
center lines of the successive rows.
18

 Diagonal pitch (pd). The distance between the centers of

the rivets in adjacent rows of zig-zag riveted joint.
 Margin or marginal pitch (m). The distance between the
center of rivet hole to the nearest edge of the plate.
 Failure of a Rivet
19

 Loading condition of a riveted system

 Most of rivets will receive shear load (t)
 Failure of a Rivet
20

 Shear stress caused by load of a rivet is

 F
t
1 2
d
4
 d = rivet diameter
 F = shear load

20
21

 If rivet is used to join plates system below, then the

working area will be 2 x As
22

 The working shear stress (after calculated), next is

compared to the allowable stress
 The allowable or permitted stress must be equal to or
greater than the working stress

t work  t permitted or t work  t t

 The failure that occurs in a rivet-plate system is divided
into 3 categories, which are
 1. Tearing
23

Consists of
a. Tearing of the plate at the edge

 To prevent this, the distance between the center of the hole

with the edge (m) should be ≥ 1.5 d (minimum)
24

b. Tearing of the plate across a row of rivets

 The broken area can be calculated by : At = (p - d) x t

 If the permissible stress of plate is st, then the tearing
resistance (tearing strength) is:
Pt = st x At = st (p - d) t
 2. Shearing of the Rivets
25
26

 Shear area for one rivet

 for single shear
for double shear

 Shearing resistance (Ps) for n rivet,

single shear
double shear
 3. Crushing The Plate or Rivets
27

 Joint failure due to the rivet hole

receives compressive force and turns
into oval, hence the joint becomes
loose.
 d = Diameter of the rivet hole
 t = thick plate

 σc = Permissible crushing stress for the rivet or plate

material
 n = number of rivets per pitch under crushing.
28

 The resistance offered by a rivet to be crushed is known as

crushing resistance (Pc) or crushing strength of the rivet.
 Crushing area (Ac) = d.t
 If crushing occurs on n hole, then Ac = n.d.t
 Crushing Resistance Pc is
 Pc = n.d.t.σc

 From the above 3 calculations, the rivet joints is considered

to fail if the value of Pt or Ps or Pc reach safe permissible
value
 Rivet Efficiency
29

 The efficiency of this connection is expressed in the strength

ratio between the connection plates and the seamless plates.
If P is the maximum load that works on the plates without a
connection:
 P = p x t x st
 The efficiency of a rivet connection is determined by
 Contoh soal
30

 Two plates (t = 15 mm) are connected with a double riveted

lap joint. drivet = 25 mm and pitch = 75 mm. If the permissible
stress is 400 MPa (tension), 320 MPa (shear) and 640 MPa
(crushing). Determine the minimum force per pitch to break the
joint.
 If the safety factor = 4, determine the actual stress that can
hold the plates and rivets
 Solution
31

 t = 15 mm ; d = 25 mm ; p = 75 mm ; σtu = 400 N/mm2 ;

tu = 320 N/mm2 ; σcu = 640 N/mm2
Ultimate tearing resistance of the plate per pitch,
 Ptu = (p – d) t × σtu = (75 – 25)15 × 400 = 300.000 N

Ultimate shearing resistance of the rivets, per pitch

 Psu = n × π/4 × d × tu = 2 × π/4 (25) x 320
2 2

= 314.200 N
Ultimate crushing resistance of the rivets per pitch,
 Pcu = n × d × t × σcu = 2 × 25 × 15 × 640 = 480.000 N

Hence Fmin to break, per pitch = 300.000 N or 300 kN.

32

 If the safety factor (N) = 4, safe load pitch at the joint =

300.000/4 = 75.000 N
 σta, ta and σca = actual tearing, shearing and crushing stresses
with safe load of 75.000 N in tearing, shearing and crushing.

Actual tearing resistance plate (Pta)

 75.000 = ( p – d ) t × σta = (75 – 25)15 × σta

 = 750 σta
 σta = 75.000 / 750 = 100 N/mm2 = 100 MPa
33

Actual shearing resistance of the rivets (Psa),

 75.000 = n × π/4 × d2 × ta = 2 × π/4 x (25)2 ta
 = 982ta
 ta = 75000 / 982 = 76.4 N/mm2 = 76.4 MPa

Actual crushing resistance of the rivets (Pca),

 75 000 = n × d × t × σca = 2 × 25 × 15 × σca

 = 750 σca
 σca = 75000 / 750 = 100 N/mm2 = 100 MPa
 Eccentrically Load
34

 Beside a load which parallel to the

length of the plate, the rivet
arrangement is also possible to receive
an eccentric load
 When the line of action of the load
does not pass through the centroid of
the rivet system and thus all rivets are
not equally loaded, then the joint is
said to be an eccentric loaded riveted
joint
35

 The eccentric loading results in secondary shear caused by

the tendency of force to twist the joint about the centre of
gravity (Ftwist) in addition to direct shear or primary shear
(Fs)
 Problem solving for this eccentric load is performed using
vector of force according to forces received by each rivet
 Force Analysis due to Eccentrically Load
36

 Direct force P is moved into center of gravity riveted system

(G). However, due to this action, there will be P1 plus Fn on
each rivet
37

 Next, P1 is distributed on each

rivet as Ps and values of Fn is
determined from moment
caused by P x length from the
load to center of gravity

 From each rivet, force resultant (Rn) is calculated from Pn

and Fn using vector formula
38

Refer to figure
 SM = P x e = F1L1 + F2 L2 + F3L3 + F4L4

 Because of the moment works radially, hence the equation

will be
39

 Refer to equation above, with known of L, P, e, then the

value Fn can be calculated
40

 With known Fn, then the force resultant (Rn) for each
rivet can also be calculated.
 The highest Rn can be used to determine :
 If drivet is known, then material for rivet can be selected
(according to t)
 If rivet material is known, then it can be used to calculate
dmin of rivet
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50

 What if we find non uniform rivet formation?

 Center of Gravity must be calculated first
51