Shroff S.R.

Rotary Institute of Chemical Technology

Principle Supporter & Sponsor-United Phosphorous Ltd(UPL)/Shroff
family
Managed By Ankleshwar Rotary Education Society
Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Govt. of Gujarat & GTU Affiliated

0C

By :
Adsorption
Krunalsinh chauhan (140990105010) equilibria and
Sub:-Mass transfer operation 2
single gas and
vapor
ADSORPTION EQUILIBRIA
 The equilibrium adsorption characteristics of
a gas or vapor upon a solid resemble the
equilibrium solubility of a gas in a liquid.
 Figure shows the several equilibrium
adsorption isotherm for particular activated
carbon as adsorbent, where the
concentration of adsorbed gas on the solid is
plotted against the equilibrium partial
pressure p* of the vapor gas at constant
temperature.
CONT….
 At 100 0C, pure acetone vapor at a pressure of
190 mmHg is in equilibrium with an adsorbate
concentration of 0.2 kg adsorbed acetone/ kg
carbon point A.
 Increasing the pressure of the acetone will
cause more to be adsorbed, as the rising curve
indicates, and the decreasing the pressure of
system at A will cause acetone to be desorb
from the carbon.
 It is know that the 100 0C isotherm for acetone
will rise continue to rise only to a pressure of
2790 mmHg, the saturation vapor pressure of
acetone at this temperature.
 At higher pressure, no acetone exist in the vapor
state at this temperature but instead will
condense entirely to liquid.
 It will thus be possible to obtain indefinitely large
concentration of the substance on the solid at
vapor pressure higher than the vapor pressure at
point B.
 However, concentration in excess of that
corresponding to point B indicate liquefaction but
not necessarily adsorption of the vapor.
 Different gases and vapor are adsorbed to
different extent under comparable conditions.
 Thus benzene is more readily adsorbed than
acetone at the same temperature and gives a
higher adsorbate concentration for a given
equilibrium pressure.
 As a general rule, vapors and gases are more
readily adsorbed the higher their molecular
weight and lower their critical temperature,
although chemical differences such as the
extent of unsaturation in the molecule also
influence the extent of adsorption.
 The so-called permanent gases are usually
adsorbed only to a relatively small extent, as
the methane isotherm indicate.
ISOTHERM MODELS

 There are several models for predicting the

equilibrium distribution.
 However, the following four models are most
commonly observed.
ADSORPTION EQUILIBRIA

1) Linear
2) Langmuir

3) Freundlich

4) Brunauer, Emmet, and Teller (BET)

 The most commonly used isotherms for the

application of activated carbon in water and
wastewater treatment are the Freundlich and
Langmuir isotherms. Freundlich isotherm is an
empirical equation. Langmuir isotherm has a
rational basis.
FREUNDLICH ISOTHERM
 It is emprical and very widely used.
 Freundlich: F=KFCn

 KF is an indicator of adsorption capacity. Higher

the maximum capacity, higher the KF.
 1/n is a measure of intensity of adsorption.
Higher the 1/n value, more favorable is the
adsorption
Generally, n < 1
LANGMUIR ISOTHERM
Assumption:-
1.Monolayer coverage,
2.Equilibrium model,
3.All adsorption sites are
equally probable,
4. second order reaction.
BET (BRUNAUER, EMMETT AND TELLER)
ISOTHERM
 This is a more general, multi-layer model. It
assumes that a Langmuir isotherm applies to
each layer and that no transmigration occurs
between layers. It also assumes that there is
equal energy of adsorption for each layer except
for the first layer.
CONT…

 CS =saturation (solubility limit) concentration of

the solute. (mg/liter)
 Kb = a parameter related to the binding intensity
for all layers.
 Note: when Ce << CS and Kb >> 1 and Kad = Kb
/Cs BET isotherm approaches Langmuir
isotherm
LINEAR ISOTHERM

 Linear: Q=KmC