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BASIC ELECTRICAL TECHNOLOGY

DET 211/3

Chapter 4 – Magnetic
Circuits
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Magnetic Materials and Circuits

Introduction
Magnet contains a north pole and south pole.
Magnet flux leaves the magnet as the north pole
and the place where the flux returns to the magnet
as the south pole.

Two types of magnet:


• Permanent magnet
• Electromagnet

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Right Hand Rule and Ampere’s Law

When a conductor carries current a magnetic


field is produced around it.
Fingers– indicate current direction
Thumb – indicate the direction of magnetic
flux is wrapping around the wire

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Right Hand Rule and Ampere’s Law
The relationship between current and magnetic field
intensity can be obtained by using Ampere’s Law.

Ampere’s Law states that the line integral of the


magnetic field intensity, H around a closed path is equal
to the total current linked by the contour.

 H .dl   i

H: the magnetic field intensity at a point on the contour


dl: the incremental length at that point
If θ: the angle between vectors H and dl then

 Hdl cos    i 4
Right Hand Rule and Ampere’s Law
Consider a rectangular core with N winding

 i  Ni
dl  lc

 Hl c  Ni
Therefore
Ni
H
lc

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Relationship between B-H

The magnetic field intensity, H produces a magnetic


flux density, B everywhere it exists.

B  H ( weber / m2 ) or Tesla
B   r  0 H ( wb / m ) or T 2

 - Permeability of the medium

0 - Permeability of free space, 4 x 10-7 wb


A.t .m

r  - Relative permeability of the medium
0
For free space or electrical conductor (Al or Cu) or insulators, r is
unity 6
MAGNETIC EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT

A simple magnetic circuit having a ring shaped


magnetic core (toroid) and a coil that extends
around the entire circumference
When current i flows through the coil of N
turns, a magnetic flux is produced.

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MAGNETIC EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT
Assumption:
•All fluxes are confined to the core
•The fluxes are uniformly distributed in the core

The flux outside the toroid (called leakage


flux), is so small (can be neglected)

Use Ampere’s Law,

 H .dl  Ni Hl  Ni  F
Hl  Ni F = Magnetomotive force (mmf)
H .2r  Ni 8
MAGNETIC EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT

B  H

Ni
H ( At / m )
l

Ni Where;
B (T )
l N – no of turns of coil
i – current in the coil
H – magnetic field intensity
l – mean length of the core 9
Magnetic Flux Density (B) and Magnetizing
Curve (B-H Curve)

Case 1: Non magnetic material core (Cu, Al,


air, plastic, wood,..)
B  0 H
 0 Ni
B (T )
l

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Magnetic Flux Density (B) and Magnetizing
Curve (B-H Curve)

Case 2: Ferromagnetic material core (iron,


steel, ferrite,..)
B  H  0 r H
 0 r Ni
B (T )
l
The magnetic flux density, B increases almost
linear in the region of low values of magnetic
intensity, H.
At higher value of H, the change of B is nonlinear.

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MAGNETIC EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT

The flux in the coil,

  BA( weber )
Ni Ni Ni F
 A  
l l R R
Where A
Ф – flux in the coil (wb)
F – magnetomotive force (mmf)
R – 1/μA = 1/P ,Reluctance
P = permeance
A – cross sectional area 12
ANALOGY BETWEEN MAGNETIC CIRCUIT
AND ELECTRIC CIRCUIT

a) Magnetic equivalent circuit b) Electric equivalent circuit


To solve magnetic equivalent circuit – Kirchhoff Voltage and
Current Laws (KVL & KCL)
Electric circuit Magnetic circuit
Driving force EMF (E) MMF (F)
Produces Current (i) Flux (Ф)
Limited by Resistance (R) Reluctance (R) 13
MAGNETIC CIRCUIT WITH AIR GAP

In electric machines, the rotor is physically isolated


from the stator by the air gap.
Practically the same flux is present in the poles
(made by magnetic core) and the air gap.
To maintain the same flux density, the air gap will
require much more mmf than the core.
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MAGNETIC CIRCUIT WITH AIR GAP

Rc 
lc Ni c
 Bc 
 c Ac Rc  Rg Ac
lg g
Rg  Ni  H clc  H g I g Bg 
 g Ag Ag

Where lc – mean length of the core


lg – the length of the air gap 15
FRINGING EFFECT

Fringing Effect: Bulging of the flux lines in the air gap.


Effect: The effective cross section area of air gap
increase so the reluctance of the air gap decrease. The
flux density Bg < Bc, Bc is the flux density in the core.
If the air gaps is small, the fringing effect can be
neglected. So
Ag  Ac

Bg  Bc 
Ac
In practical, large air gap will be divided into several
small air gaps to reduce the fringing effect.
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INDUCTANCE

A coil wound on a magnetic core as shown in figure above,


is frequently used in electric circuits. This coil may be
represented by an ideal circuit element, called inductance,
which is defined as the flux linkage of the coil per ampere
of its current.
Flux linkage   N

Inductance L 
i
N NBA NHA NHA N 2 N 2
L     
i i i Hl l R
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N A
Example
15cm 30cm 10cm

 15cm

l1 30cm
N=200turns

l2 15cm

15cm 30cm 10cm

A ferromagnetic core is shown in Figure above. Three sides of this core are of
uniform width, while the fourth side is somewhat thinner. The depth of the core
(into the page) is 10cm and the other dimensions are shown in figure. There is 200
turn coil wrapped around the left side of the core. Assuming relative permeability
r of 2500, how much flux will be produce by a 1A input current?

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Solution Example

The mean path length of region 1 is 45cm and the cross-sectional area is 10 x 10
cm = 100cm2. Therefore, the reluctance in the first region is:

l1 l1
R1  
A1  r o A1
0.45m

(2500)( 4x10 7 )(0.01m 2 )
 14,300 A.turns / Wb
The mean path length of region 2 is 130cm and the cross-sectional area is 15 x 10
cm = 150cm2. Therefore, the reluctance in the second region is:

l2 l2
R2  
A2  r o A2
1.3m

(2500)( 4x107 )(0.015m 2 )
 27,600 A.turns / Wb 19
Solution Example

Therefore, the total reluctance in the core is:

Req  R1  R2
 14,300 A.turns / Wb  27,600 A.turns / Wb
 41,900 A.turns / Wb
The total magnetomotive force (MMF) is:

F  NI  (200turns)(1.0 A)  200 A.turns


The total flux in the core is given by:

F 200 A.turns
 
R 41,900 A.turns / Wb
 0.0048Wb
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Assignment 3
15cm 30cm 15cm

 15cm

30cm
N=200turns

lc 15cm

15cm 30cm 15cm

A ferromagnetic core is shown in Figure above. All side of this core are uniform
width. The depth of the core is 10cm. Assuming relative permeability r of 2500,
how much flux will be produce by a 1A input current?

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