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Bone is one the hardest tissues of the

human body, second only to cartilage in
its ability to with stand stress

Functions :

1. Support fleshly structures

2. Protect such vital organs

3. Harbors the bone marrow

4. Reservoir of calcium phosphate and others ions

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Composed :
I. Bone Matrix
II. Cells :
• Osteocytes
• Osteoblasts
• Osteoclasts
• Osteoprogenitor

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 I. BONE MATRIX

1. INORGANIC MATTER
• Calcium Phosphate
• Bicarbonate
• Citrate
• Magnesium
• Potassium
• Sodium

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2. ORGANIC MATTER
• Collagen Fibers
• Amorphous Ground substance :
a. Chondroitin 4-sulfate
b. Chondroitin 6-sulfate
c. Keratan Sulfate

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 II. BONE CELLS

1. OSTEOBLASTS
• Synthesis of bone matrix
a. Type I Collagen
b. Proteoglycans
c. Glycoprotein
• Located at the surfaces of bone tissue, side by
side, in away that resembles simple epithelium
• When actively : Cuboidal to columnar shape
• When actively declines : Flatten
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 Osteoclast Mesenchyme Newly formed matrix
Osteoblast Osteocyte Bone Matrix

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 2. OSTEOCYTES
• Lie in the lacunae

• One osteocytes in each

lacuna

• Canaliculi house
cytoplasmic process

• Processes of adjacent cell

make contact via gap
This figure is section of bone tissue
showing an osteocyte with its junction
cytoplasmic processes surrounded by
matrix. Ultra structure compatible with a
low level of synthetic activity is apparent
in both nucleus and cytoplasm.
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3. OSTEOCLASTS
• Very large
• 5 to 50 contain nuclei
• Lie in how ship's lacunae
• Derived from the fusion of monocytes
• Secrete :
a. Acid
b. Collagenase
c. Other proteolytic enzymes

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 PERIOSTEUM AND ENDOSTEUM

External and internal surfaces of bone are covered

by layers of bone forming cells and connective
tissue called periosteum and endosteum.

1. Periosteum
 Outer Layer
- Collagen fibers
Bundle : Sharpey’s fibers
- Fibroblasts
 Inner Layer
More cellular (osteoprogenitor cells) is composed
of flattened cells to divided into osteoblasts
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2. Endosteum
 Lines all internal surfaces of cavities with in the
bone
 Composed :
a. Osteoprogenitor cells (single layer)
b. Small amount of connective tissue
Therefore, the endosteum is consider ably thinner
than the periosteum

Functions of periosteum and endosteum :

1. Nutrition of osseous tissue
2. Supply of new osteoblasts for repair or growth
of bone
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 Interstitial
lamellae

Haversian system
Inner (osteon)
Circumferential
lamellae Outer
circumferential
lamellae

Volkmann’s canal

Endosteum Haversian canal Periosteum

Schematic drawing of the wall of a long bone

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diaphsis.
 TYPE OF BONE

A. MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION

1. Primary, immature or woven bone

2. Secondary, mature or lamellar bone

B. GROSS OBSERVATION (CROSS SECTION)

1. Dense area without cavities : Compact Bone

2. Areas with numerous interconnecting cavities

: Cancellous (spongy) bone
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Thick ground section of tibia illustrating the
cortical compact bone and the lattice of
trabeculae of cancellous bone 14
In long Bones :
1. Bulbous ends : Epiphyses
Spongy bone covered by a thin layer of
compact bone
2. Cylindrical Part : Diaphysis
Almost totally composed of compact
bone, with a small component of
spongy bone on its inner surface
around the bone marrow cavity.

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 Formation of a long bone on a model made of
cartilage

Bone Primary
collar ossification
center
Osteogenic
bud

Secondary
ossification
center
Epiphysis
Epiphyseal
plate
Compact
bone
Diaphysis
Spongy
bone
Epiphysis
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Secondary
ossification center
In Short Bones :
Usually have a core of spongy bone
completely surrounded by compact bone.

In Flat Bones (Calvaria)

Have two layers of compact bone called
plated (tables), separated called the diploe.

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 PRIMARY BONE TISSUE
 First bone tissue
 Temporary, replace by secondary bone tissue,
except :
- Near the sutures of the flat bones of the skull
- In tooth sockets
- In the insertion some tendons
 Characteristics :
- Irregular array of collagen fibers
- Smaller mineral content
- Higher proportion of osteocytes than in
secondary bone tissue
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 SECONDARY BONE TISSUE
 Usually found in adults
 Characteristics :
- Collagen fibers : Lamellae
- Haversian canals
- Haversian system or osteon
- Lacunae
- The lamellae exhibit a typical organization
consisting of :
1. Haversian system
2. Outer circumferential lamellae
3. Inner circumferential lamellae
4. Interstitial lamellae
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- The haversian canal communicate with :
1.The narrow cavity
2.The periosteum
3.The volkman’s canals (do not have
concentric lamellae)

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 Interstitial
lamellae
Inner Haversian
Circumferential system (osteon)
lamellae Outer
circumferential
lamellae

Volkmann’s
canal

Periosteum
Endosteum Haversian canal

Schematic drawing of the wall of a long

bone diaphsis. 21
 HISTOGENESIS

Bone can be formed in two ways :

I. Direct mineralization of matrix secreted by
osteoblasts (intra membranous ossification)
II. Deposition of bone matrix preexisting cartilage
matrix (endochondral ossification)

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I. Intramembranous Ossification formed by intramembranous
ossification :
• The frontal and parietal bones of the skull
• The occipital and temporal bones of the skull
• The mandible and maxilla

Mesenchymal Condensation Layer

Primary ossification Center

Cells differentiate into osteoblast

New Bone Matrix is formed

Calcification

Encapsulation of some Osteoblast

Become Osteocytes
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The beginning of intramembranous
ossification

Mesenchyme Bone Primary bone

Blastema Tissue 24
II. Endochondral Ossification
Takes place within a piece of Hyaline Cartilage
whose shape resembles a small version or model
of the bone to be formed.

Bone Primary
collar ossification
center
Osteogenic
bud

Secondary
ossification
Epiphysis center

Epiphyseal
plate
Compact
Diaphysis bone

Spongy
bone
Epiphysis
Secondary
ossification center 25
Endochondral ossification consists of two phases :
1. The first phase
Hypertrophy and destruction of the chondrocytes of
the model of the bone, leaving expanded lacunae
separated by septa of calcified cartilage matrix.

2. The second phase

Osteogenic bud Blood capillaries penetrates
consisting of the spaces left by the
osteoprogenitor cells degenerating chondrocytes

The osteoprogenitor cells give

rise to osteoblasts, with cover
the cartilaginous septa with
bone matrix

The septa of calcified cartilage

tissue thus serve as support
for the beginning of
ossification 26
 THE OSSIFICATION CENTER
1. Primary ossification center appears in the diaphysis
2. Secondary ossification center arises at the center of
each epiphysis

Bone Primary
collar ossification
center
Osteogenic
bud

Secondary
ossification
Epiphysis center

Epiphyseal
plate
Compact
Diaphysis bone

Spongy
bone
Epiphysis

Secondary 27
ossification center
When the bone tissue that originated at the
secondary centers occupies the epiphysis, cartilage
remains restricted to 2 places :

1. Articular cartilage
- Persist throughout adult life
- Does not contribute to bone formation
2. Epiphyseal cartilage or the epiphyseal plate
- Connect epiphysis to diaphysis
- As the cartilage grows, it is replace continuously
by newly formed bone matrix mainly from the
diaphyseal center

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 Articular
cartilage
Epiphysis
Secondary
ossification center
Epiphyseal (marrow space)
plate
cartilage
Diaphysis
Primary ossification
center (marrow space)

Schematic drawings showing the 3-dimensional shape of bone

spicules in the epiphyseal plate area. Hyaline cartilages is stipple,
calcified cartilage is black, and bone tissue is shown in color. The
upper drawing shown the region represented 3-dimensionally in
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the lower drawing.
Epiphyseal cartilage, divided into five zones :

1. Resting zone
• With out morphologic changes in the cells
2. Proliferative zone
• Chondrocytes divided rapidly
• Form columns of stacked cells parallel to the
long axis of the bone
3. Hypertrophic cartilage zone
• Large chondrocytes who cytoplasm has
accumulated glycogen
• The resorbed matrix is reduced to thin septa
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4. Calcified cartilage zone
• Simultaneous with the death of chondrocytes
• The thin septa become calcified
5. Ossification zone
• Endochondral bone tissue appears
• Blood capillaries and osteoprogenitor cells
formed by mitosis of cells originating from the
periosteum invade the cavities
• The osteoprogenitor cells form osteoblasts
• Osteoblasts turn form a discontinuous layer over
the septa
• Over these septa, the osteoblasts deposit matrix
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 Resting Zone

Proliferative Zone

Hypertrophic cartilage zone

Calcified cartilage zone

Ossification zone

Photomicrograph of the epiphyseal plate, showing the

change that take place in the cartilage and the
formation of bone spicules
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 MECHANISMS OF CALSIFICATION

Bone calcium is mobilized by two mechanisms :

1. Rapid Mechanism
The simple transference of ions from hydroxyapatite crystal
to interstitial fluid into the blood
2. Slow Mechanism
Depends on the action hormones
a. Parathyroid hormone
Activates and increases the number of cells (osteoclasts)
promoting resorption of the bone matrix with the
consequent liberation of calcium
b. Calcitonin
Inhibits matrix resorption (its effect, is the opposite of
parathyroid hormone)

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 FRACTURE REPAIR

When fractures :
• The damaged blood vessels product a blood clot
• Destruction of bone matrix
• Death of Bone cells

During repair :
• The blood clot, cells and damaged bone matrix are
removed by macrophages

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 Periosteal Newly formed primary
Periosteum proliferation Bone bone

Callus

Newly formed
Hyaline Cartilage
secondary bone

Healed fracture

Repair of a fractured bone by formation of new bone tissue

through periosteal and endosteal cell proliferation 35
 The Periosteum and endosteum
proliferation of osteoprogenitor cells

Formed a cellular tissue

Bone is formed by endochondral and

intramembranous ossifications

Formed Trabeculae of primary bone (A

Bone Callus)

The callus is gradually resorbed and

replaced by secondary bone
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