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 GLOBALIZATION
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i The word "ð
 
"    by
economists since the 1980s; however, its
concepts did not become popular until an
American entrepreneur-turned-minister
Charles Taze Russell
 it.
 GLOBALIZATION AND FREE TRADE
i c



 

o Reduction or elimination of   
you are in a free trade zone.
o Reduced transportation costs, especially resulting
from development of containerization for ocean
shipping.
o Reduction or elimination of    capital
controls.
o Reduction, elimination, or harmonization of
subsidies for
      would be
recognized in the United States)
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o Harmonization of intellectual property laws

across the majority of states, with more
restrictions.
i Supranational recognition of intellectual
property restrictions  it is between
two  corporations(e.g. patents
granted by China cto USA

  

Looking specifically at economic globalization, it can be measured in
different ways. These center around the four main economic flows
that characterize globalization:

i @
 =
, e.g. c plus 
c as a proportion

of national income or per capita of population

i = 
 , e.g. net
  rates; inward or outward

  flows, weighted by population

i p= =, e.g. inward or outward direct investment as a proportion

of national income or per head of population

i O  , e.g. international research & development flows;

proportion of populations (and rates of change thereof) using
particular inventions (especially 'factor-neutral' technological
advances such as the telephone, motorcar, broadband)
 EFFECTS OF GLOBALIZATION

i Ô
 = (alias =  =  ==  ) - emergence of

 production markets and broader access to a
range of  products for consumers and companies.
Particularly movement of material and goods between and
within transnational corporations, and access to  by
wealthier nations and individuals at the expense of the less
    nations and individuals who cc
the labour.

i å = = - emergence of  financial markets

and better access to external financing for corporate
 posibble a company   their help.
i Ê  - realization of a global common market, based on the freedom of
exchange of  and capital   a win-win between all
countries.

i c  = - political globalization is the creation of a world government which

regulates the relationships among nations and guarantees the rights arising
from social and economic globalization   we belong to the same
world.

i Ô  =  = - increase in information flows between geographically

remote locations and know about our      Arguably this is
a technological change with the advent of fibre optic communications,
satellites, and increased availability of telephony and Internet, possibly
ancillary or unrelated to the globalist ideology.

i p = - growth of
  contacts; advent of new categories of

consciousness and identities such as @ = - which embodies cultural
diffusion, the desire to consume and enjoy foreign products and ideas,
adopt new technology and practices, and participate in a M 
 "; loss of languages (and corresponding loss of ideas).
i Ê  =- the advent of global environmental challenges that can not 
  without international cooperation, such as climate change, cross-
boundary water and air pollution, over-fishing of the ocean, and the spread
of invasive species. Many factories are  in developing countries where
they can pollute freely. Globalism and free trade interplay to increase
pollution.
    he detriment is again to the poorer
nations while the benefit is allocated to the wealthier nations.

i u = - increased circulation by people of all nations with fewer restrictions.

Provided that the people of those nations are wealthy enough to afford
international travel, which the majority of the world's population is not. An
illusory 'benefit' recognized by the elite and wealthy, and increasingly so as
fuel and transport costs rise  everyone are or will be as wealthier as
them.

i O=   =  - fewer and fewer European cars on European roads each

year (the same can also be said about American cars on American roads)
and the death of distance through the incorporation of technology to
decrease travel time. This would appear to be a technological advancement
recognized by those who work in information, rather than labour intensive
markets, accessible to the few rather than the many, and if it is indeed an
effect of globalism, reflects the disproportionate inequitable allocation of
resources rather than a benefit to humanity overall, because if not the in a
few years      in anything but a car.
 @
 



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i ANTIGLOBALIZATION!
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 2E ARE AGAINST BECAUSE͙
o c

 
 are sometimes at

ð: 2hile it is true
that globalization encourages free trade among countries on an
international level, there are also negative consequences because
some countries try to save their national markets. The main
c of poorer countries is usually agricultural goods. It is
difficult for these countries to compete with stronger countries that
subsidize their own farmers. Because the farmers in the poorer
countries cannot compete, they are forced to sell their crops at
much lower price than what the market is paying.

o "

 of foreign impoverished workers: The deterioration of

protections for weaker nations by stronger industrialized powers
has resulted in the exploitation of the people in those nations to
become cheap labor. Due to the lack of protections, companies
from powerful industrialized nations are able to offer workers
enough salary to entice them   extremely long hours and
unsafe  conditions.
` The shift to   
: The low cost of offshore workers have enticed
corporations to move production to foreign countries. The laid off unskilled
workers are forced into the service sector where wages and benefits are
low, but turnover is high. This has contributed to the widening economic
gap between skilled and unskilled workers. This also means that people in
the lower class have a much harder time climbing out of poverty because of
the absence of the middle class as a stepping stone.
`  
 
: The surplus in cheap labor coupled with an ever
growing number of companies in transition has caused a weakening of labor
unions in the United States. Unions lose their effectiveness when their
membership begins to decline. As a result unions hold less power over
corporations that are able to easily replace workers, often for lower wages,
and have the option to not offer unionized jobs anymore.
` The critics of globalization typically emphasize that globalization is a process
that is mediated according to corporate interests, and typically raise the
possibility of alternative global institutions and policies, which they believe
address the moral claims of poor and working classes throughout the globe,
as well as environmental concerns in a more equitable way.
The chart that OPENED OUR EYES!
ë One of the key points made by critics of recent
economic globalization is that income
inequality, both between and within nations,
is increasing as a result of these processes.
ë A chart that gave the inequality a very visible
and comprehensible form, the so-called
'champagne glass' effect.
i   cc      cc
   
 

 

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 IMPACT OF GLOBALIZATION IN
COLOMBIA!
i Rising petroleum prices can reverse globalization and are
leading to world inflation crisis. Higher energy prices are
impacting transport costs at an unprecedented rate. So
much so, that the cost of moving ð


, not the cost of
 , is the largest barrier to global trade today.

i In fact, in tariff-equivalent terms, the explosion in global

transport costs has effectively offset all the trade
liberalization efforts of the last three decades and 
everyone wants it to happen now but theyre blind
they are not seeing the bad things about it.
 CONCLUSIONS
i *  ð for the main reason that 

  us that globalization is good.
i *Colombia    
ð really hard for
ðð the TLC, a way for us to become global.
i    

deeply about globalization for
the oral questions next week (i think ).
i i didnt know if globalization was good or bad, i



ð for the answer until 

it
in google today.
 THE END!
i FINALLY!  ͙IN 20 MINUTES 
 ON THIS
PRESENTATION FOR 3 HOURS.

i RED: NE2 2ORDS

i YELLO2: PRESENT/PAST/FUTURE CHART
i PURPLE: IDOMS