Contents

 What is sewer
 Types of sewers on the basis of working
 Types of sewers on the basis of material used
Sewers
 Under ground Conduit or drain

 Conveyance of sewage

 Started from point of production of sewage

 Terminates at the point of disposal

Types of sewer
• Sanitary sewer
• Storm sewer
• Lateral sewer
• House sewer
• Branch sewer
• Main sewer
• Outfall sewer
• overflow sewer
Materials used for sewer
 Asbestos cement
 Plain or reinforced cement concrete
 Vitrified clay or stoneware
 Bricks
 Cast iron
 Steel
 Plastic
Selection of material
• Hydraulic efficiency
• Resistance to abrasion
• Resistance to corrosion
• Strength
• Durability
• Cost
• Weight
• Imperviousness
Asbestos cement sewer
 Mixture of asbestos fibre, cement and silica
 Asbestos fibre as a reinforcing material
 Other constituents converts it into a dense
homogeneous material under pressure
 Diameter vary from 75mm to 500mm
 Length 3 to 4 m
 Used only as verticals
Asbestos cement
• Advantages
– Considerable strength against internal pressure
– Easy handling
– Easy cutting and joining
– Resistive to salts and other corrosive materials
– Relatively smooth
• Disadvantages
– Brittle and need careful handling
– Low structural strength
– Susceptible to sulphide corrosion
P.C.C. & R.C.C. sewers
• P.C.C. pipes diameter vary from 80 mm to 450 mm
• Thickness vary from 25 to 30 mm
• For bigger diameters r.c.c. pipes are used
• Usual mix 1 : 1.5 : 3
• Maximum size of aggregates limited to 6mm
• Water cement ratio
varies b/w 0.5 to 0.7
P.C.C. & R.C.C. sewers
• Advantages
– Strong under internal pressure as well as external
pressure
– Can be made of any desired strength
– Easily manufactured even at the sight
– Used for main sewers and branch sewers
• Disadvantages
– Get easily corroded and pitted due to corrosive action of
the contents of the sewers
Vitrified clay or stoneware sewers
 Manufactured from clay and shales
 Ingredients are taken in desired proportionate
 Formed in pipe press at about 0.85 N/mm2
 Vitrification achieved at 1200c
 NaCl added to place the surface of pipe
Vitrified clay sewer
• Advantages
– Highly resistant to sulphide corrosion
– Resistive to erosion
– Hydraulically efficient
– Highly imperious
– High compressive strength
– Cheap and easy availablity
• Disadvantages
– Weak in tension
– Brittle in nature
– Bulky and heavy
Brick sewers

Used since olden days

 Plastered from outside
 Purpose-made bricks are used
 Preferred for large sized Combined sewer
 Lined inside with stoneware or ceramic blocks
 Resistive against sulphide corrosion
 Cast Iron Sewers
 Can withstand in tensile, compression as well as bending
stresses
 Coated with paint or cement concrete
 Diameter from 150 mm to 750 mm
 Length up to 3-3.5 m
 High strength
 Costlier
Steel sewers
• Light in weight
• Perfectly impervious
• Can absorb vibrations and shock loads
• Used in high external and internal pressure
• Used for mains outfall and trunk sewers having large
diameters
• Corrosion resistive either due to heavy galvanization
or bituminous coatings
• Easily welded
• Costlier comparison to others
 Plastic sewers
• Still in experimental stage
• High hydraulic efficiency
• Corrosion resistant
• Available in longer lengths
• Easy joining and bending
• Taken in use,in Netherlands,
Scandinavia, France etc.
• In India, recently started as domestic sewers
Reference……..
• http://www.sewerhistory.org/grfx/components/pipe_a
sb.html
• http://www.butkus.org/sewers/sewer_repair.htm
• http://www.inspectapedia.com/septic/SepticPumps.ht
m
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanitary_sewer
• http://www.askmehelpdesk.com/plumbing/can-
replace-part-cast-iron-sewer-stack-75877.html