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OLEH
RAJEANTHARAN AL DAMAPAL
Obiektif Pembelajaran
Mengenali anatomi tulang-tulang dan sendi-sendi
tubuh manusia.
3 kumpulan sendi
i) sendi fibrous / tanpa gerak
ii) sendi rawan / separuh gerak
iii) sendi sinovia / gerak bebas
Type of joint – fibrous
joints
Immovable joints.
Very close contact
of bones.
Separated only by
thin layer of fibrous
CT.
No synovial cavity.
E.g.- sutures in
skull, teeth and
mandible.
i) Sendi fibrous - Synarthrosis
• sendi ini tidak memberi pergerakan langsung
di antara tulang
• contoh:
i) simfisis pubis
ii) sendi di antara badan-badan vertebra
iii) Sendi sinovia - Diarthrosis
• Bahagian tulang yang
membentuk sendi selalunya di
lapisi oleh rawan hialin
• Struktur-struktur intrakapsular
Di beberapa sendi terdapat
struktur-struktur di dalarn
kapsul sendi (tetapi di luar
membran sinovia) yang penting
untuk kestabilan sendi.
Membran sinovia
• Di bentuk oleh sel-sel epithelium yang
mengeluarkan bendalir sinovia
- bendalir ini melekit seperti putih telur, dan
berfungsi sebagai pelicin untuk mengurangkan
geseran.
Extension
Extension
Hyper of spine
Extension flexion of Hyper
shoulder
Extension
Extension
of neck &
shoulder
Flexion
Synovial
joints…movements
Flexion
bending forward
e.g. knee joint or
elbow joint.
Bending motion
that decreases the
angle between
bones e.g. bending
the finger close the
hand.
Extension
Straightening or
bending backward.
bending the motion
that increases the
angle between bone.
E.g. as straightening
finger to open the
hand and elbow or
knee after it has been
flexed.
ABDUCTION ADDUCTION ABDUCTION
Gerakan LATERAL
FLEXION
ABDUCTION ADDUCTION
Gerakan
ELEVATION DEPRESSION
Con’t.. Movements
Abduction
Movement away from
the midline of the
body.
E.g. moving arms
straight out to the
sides.
Con’t.. Movements
Adduction
Movement towards
the midline of the
body.
E.g. bringing the
arms back to their
original position
beside the body.
Abduction and Adduction
Con’t.. Movements
Circumduction
Combination of the
flexion, extension,
abduction and
adduction.
Movement of the limb
or digit so that it
describes the shape of
a cone.
E.g. draw large
imaginary circle in the
air.
circumduction
Con’t.. Movements
Rotation
Movement round the
long axis of a bone or
twisting or turning of
a bone on its own
axis.
E.g. Turning from
head side to side or
rotating forearm turn
the palm up and
down.
Con’t.. Movements
Pronation
Turning the palm
of the hand
downwards.
Con’t.. Movements
Supination
Turning the palm
of the hand up
Con’t.. Movements
Inversion
Turning the sole of
the foot inwards.
Con’t.. Movements
Eversion
Turning the sole
of foot outwards.
• Struktur-struktur lain yang membentuk sendi
lutut adalah:
• Pergerakan :
i) flexion
ii) extension
iii) abduction
6. Sendi Bonggol (condyloid joint)
Condyloid = condyle
Condyle adalah tulang yang tumpul - bonggol
tulang.
e.g: sendi pergelangan tangan