THERMOCHEMISTRY

GROUP 7
• CHALIFATUL ASHILAH
• AYUNDA CHOERUNNISA NOER
• ALIFIAH ALFANIAH ALFATTAH PUTRI
• AULIA WULAN
• RISWANDI
 THERMOCHEMISTRY
Thermochemistry is the study of the heat change in
chemical reactions.
 SYSTEM
System is part of the universe in which the event of
interest occur (chemical reactions)
Surrounding is the rest of universe (outside the
system)
WHAT IS ENERGY?
Energy is usually defined as the capacity to do work or produce heat. The type of energy that
are :
•Kinetic energy—the energy produced by a moving object—is one form of energy that is of
particular interest to chemists.
•Radiant energy, or solar energy, comes from the sun and is Earth’s primary energy source.
•Thermal energy is the energy associated with the random motion of atoms and molecules
•Chemical energy is stored within the structural units of chemical substances; its quantity is
determined by the type and arrangement of constituent atoms. When substances participate
in chemical reactions, chemical energy is released, stored, or converted to other forms of
energy.
•Potential energy is energy available by virtue of an object’s position. For instance, because
of its altitude, a rock at the top of a cliff has more potential energy and will make a bigger
splash if it falls into the water below than a similar rock located partway down the cliff.
Chemical energy can be considered a form of potential energy because it is associated with
the relative positions and arrangements of atoms within a given substance.
FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS

Energy cannot be created or destroyed, but can be

changed from one form to another, or the energy of
the universe is constant
 WORK
Chemists define work as directed energy
change resulting from a process.

W=F.d
 HEAT
Heat is the transfer of thermal energy between two
objects that are different temperature.
Temperature is a measure of the thermal energy.

900C 400C
The specific heat (s) of a substance is the amount of heat (q) required to raise
the temperature of one gram of the substance by one degree Celsius.

The heat capacity (C) of a substance is the amount of heat (q) required to raise
the temperature of a given quantity (m) of the substance by one degree
Celsius.

C = ms

Heat (q) absorbed or released:

q = mst

q = Ct

t = tfinal - tinitial
 PROBLEM EXAMPLE

How much heat is given off when an 869 g iron bar cools from
940C to 50C?

s of Fe = 0.444 J/g • 0C

t = tfinal – tinitial = 50C – 940C = -890C

q = mst = 869 g x 0.444 J/g • 0C x –890C = -34,000 J

 UNITS OF ENERGY
The SI unit of energy is the joule, J, pronounced “
jewel.”
kg  m 2
J
s2
The calorie is a non-SI unit of energy commonly
used by chemists. It was originally defined as
the amount of energy required to raise the James Joule
temperature of one gram of water by one 1818-1889
degree Celsius. The exact definition is given by the equation:

1 cal  4.184 J (exact)

heat energy transferred

∆E = q + w work done
by the
system
energy
change

Energy is conserved!
 heat transfer in heat transfer out
(endothermic), +q (exothermic), -q

SYSTEM
SYSTEM

∆E
∆E == qq ++ w
w

w transfer in w transfer out

(+w) (-w)
 CHEMICAL REACTION IN
THERMOCHEMISTRY
Exothermic process is any process that gives off heat –
transfers thermal energy from the system to the
surroundings.
2H2 (g) + O2 (g) 2H2O (l) + energy
H2O (g) H2O (l) + energy
Endothermic process is any process in which heat has to be
supplied to the system from the surroundings.
energy + 2HgO (s) 2Hg (l) + O2 (g)
energy + H2O (s) H2O (l)
 THE DIFFERENT
In an endothermic reaction:
The reaction vessel cools.
Heat is absorbed.
Energy is added to the system.
q is positive.

In an exothermic reaction:
The reaction vessel warms.
Heat is evolved.
Energy is subtracted from the system.
q is negative.
 ENTHALPY
Enthalpy (H) is used to quantify the heat flow into or out of a system in a
•
process that occurs at constant pressure.
H = H (products) – H (reactants)
H = heat given off or absorbed during a reaction at constant pressure

Hproducts < Hreactants Hproducts > Hreactants

DH < 0 DH > 0
 System absorbs heat

Endothermic

DH > 0

6.01 kJ are absorbed for every 1 mole of ice that melts at 0 0C and 1
atm.

H2O (s) H2O (l) H = 6.01 kJ

6.3
 System gives off heat

Exothermic

H<0

890.4 kJ are released for every 1 mole of methane that is

combusted at 250C and 1 atm.

CH4 (g) + 2O2 (g) CO2 (g) + 2H2O (l) H = -890.4 kJ

 DETERMINE H REACTION
To
• determine reaction, can be done with experiments in
the laboratory or by a calculation. Determination by a
calculation there are 3 ways, that standard enthalpies of
formation, Hess Law, and bond energy. Determination with
experiment in the laboratory done using calorimeter.
Calorimeter is is a tool used to measure the amount of heat
involved in chemical reactions in the solution. Basically, the
heat released / absorbed causes changes in temperature at
the calorimeter. Based on changes in temperature per
quantity of reagents then heat is calculatedreaction from
the reaction system of the solution.
 Constant-Volume Calorimetry

qsys = qwater + qbomb + qrxn

qsys = 0
qrxn = - (qwater + qbomb)
qwater = ms t
qbomb = Cbomb t

Reaction at Constant V
H = qrxn
H ~ qrxn
No heat enters or leaves!
 Constant-Pressure Calorimetry

qsys = qwater + qcal + qrxn

qsys = 0
qrxn = - (qwater + qcal)
qwater = ms t
qcal = Ccal t

Reaction at Constant P
H = qrxn

No heat enters or leaves!

 Because there is no way to measure the absolute value of the
enthalpy of a substance, must I measure the enthalpy change
for every reaction of interest?

Establish an arbitrary scale with the standard enthalpy of

formation (H0 ) as a reference point for all enthalpy expressions.
f

Standard enthalpy of formation (H0 ) is the heat change that

f
results when one mole of a compound is formed from its
elements at a pressure of 1 atm.

The standard enthalpy of formation of any element in its most

stable form is zero.
H0 (O2) = 0 H0 (C, graphite) = 0
f f
H0 (O3) = 142 kJ/mol H0 (C, diamond) = 1.90 kJ/mol
f f
6.5
The standard enthalpy of reaction (H0 ) is the enthalpy of a
rxn
reaction carried out at 1 atm.

aA + bB cC + dD

H0 = [ c H0 (C) + d H0 (D) ] - [ a H0 (A) + b H0 (B) ]

rxn f f f f

H0 = S n H0 (products) - S m H0 (reactants)
rxn f f

Hess’s Law: When reactants are converted to products, the

change in enthalpy is the same whether the reaction takes
place in one step or in a series of steps.

(Enthalpy is a state function. It doesn’t matter how you get

there, only where you start and end.)
6.5
 Calculate the standard enthalpy of formation of CS2 (l) given that:

C(graphite) + O2 (g) CO2 (g) H0 = -393.5 kJ

rxn
S(rhombic) + O2 (g) SO2 (g) H0 rxn= -296.1 kJ
CS2(l) + 3O2 (g) CO2 (g) + 2SO2 (g) H0rxn = -1072 kJ
1. Write the enthalpy of formation reaction for CS2

C(graphite) + 2S(rhombic) CS2 (l)

2. Add the given rxns so that the result is the desired rxn.

C(graphite) + O2 (g) CO2 (g) H0rxn = -393.5 kJ

2S(rhombic) + 2O2 (g) 2SO2 (g) H0 = -296.1x2 kJ
rxn
+ CO2(g) + 2SO2 (g) CS2 (l) + 3O2 (g) H0 rxn= +1072 kJ

C(graphite) + 2S(rhombic) CS2 (l)

H0 = -393.5 + (2x-296.1) + 1072 = 86.3 kJ
rxn
THANKS FOR YOUR
ATTENTION