OBJECTIVES

•DEFINE SOCIAL DIFFERENCES AND SOCIAL

CHANGE
•POINT OUT THE SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDYING
CULTURE, SOCIETY AND POLITICS
 Group activity: I AM A LEGISLATOR
Pretend that you are part of the LEGISLATIVE body of our government. Your group has to make/propose a bill about:

GROUP 1: GENDER
GROUP 2: SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS
GROUP 3: ETHNICITY
GROUP 4: RELIGION
GROUP 5: EXEPTIONALITY
GROUP 6: NATIONALITY
CULTURE
• SUM OF AN INDIVIDUAL’S WAY OF LIFE, RANGING FROM
THE FOOD HE OR SHE EATS, THE CLOTHES HE OR SHE
WEARS, AND THE HOUSE WHERE HE OR SHE LIVES.
• INCLUDES BOTH THE MATERIAL AND NON-MATERIAL
THINGS THAT HE/SHE POSSESSES OR ACQUIRES.
• NON-MATERIAL THINGS:ARE THE NORMS AND VALUES AS
WELL AS THE INTANGIBLE ASPECTS OF HIS/HER EXISTENCE
CULTURE
• INCLUDES FADS, AND FASHION TRENDS, MANNERS AND
TABOOS AS WELL AS SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE AND
TECHNOLOGY THAT MANIFEST THROUGH TANGIBLE
ASPECTS SUCH AS: ARCHITECTURAL AND ENGINEERING
WONDERS, ADVANCEMENTS IN MEDICINE, AND
BREAKTHROUGHS IN TRANSPORTATION AND
COMMUNICATION
SOCIETY
• DEFINED AS AN ORGANIZED GROUP OR GROUPS OF
INTERDEPENDENT PEOPLE WHO SHARE A COMMON
TERRITORY,LANGUAGE, AND CULTURE, AND WHO ACT
TOGETHER FOR COLELCTIVE SURVIVAL AND WELL-BEING
• THE WAYS THAT PEOPLE DEPEND UPON ONE ANOTHER CAN
BE SEEN IN DIFFERENT SOCIAL FEATURES, SUCH AS THEIR
ECONOMIC, COMMUNICATION AND DEFENSE SYSTEMS
SOCIETY
• CAME FROM THE LATIN WORD “SOCIETAS”, WHICH IN
TURN WAS DERIVED FROM THE NOUN “SOCIUS”
(COMRADE, FRIEND, ALLY) USED TO DESCRIBE A BOND
OR INTERACTION BETWEEN PARTIES THAT ARE
FRIENDLY, OR AT LEAST CIVIL.
SOCIETY

“HUMAN BEINGS ARE “ ZOON POLITIKON” OR

POLITICAL ANIMALS. – ARISTOTLE
SOCIETY
METHODOLOGICAL INDIVIDUALISM
- STATES THAT COLLECTIVE CONCEPTS
SUCH AS GROUPS, ASSOCIATIONS, AND
SOCIETIES DO NOT EXIST, BUT ONLY
INDIVIDUAL MEMBERS
SOCIETY
SOCIAL REALISM
- STATES THAT SOCIETY IS REALITY SUI GENERIS
AND CANNOT BE REDUCED TO INDIVIDUAL
AGGREGATES OR PARTS. (EMILE DURKHEIM-
FATHER OF FRENCH SOCIOLOGY)
 There can be no
culture without a
society and so far
there are no known
human societies that
do not exhibit culture.
POLITICS

•REFER TO THE “THEORY, ART AND PRACTICE

OF GOVERNMENT”
GOVERNMENT

•IS A CONCRETE EXAMPLE OF A POLITICAL INSTITUTION.

•IT EXERCISES POWER ESPECIALLY IN RELATION TO
GOVERNANCE AND DECISION-MAKING
POWER
•IS MANIFESTED IN THE ACQUISITION OF STATUSES AND
FUNCTIONS.
•IS A STATUS GRANTED TO INDIVIDUALS OR INSTITUTIONS
TO PROPERLY RUN THE GOVERNMENT AND IMPLEMENT
THE RULE OF THE LAW IN A SOCIETY
POWER CONT…
• EXAMPLE: THE PRESIDENT/ PRIME MINISTER
• SERVES AS THE HEAD OF THE GOVERNMENT
• HE/SHE FUNCTIONS AS THE EXECUTIVE AND THE COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF, ESPECIALLY IN POLICY-
MAKING AND OTHER MATTERS RELATED TO GOVERNANCE AND IMPOSITION OF LAWS
• HE/SHE LEADS THE MILITARY DURING WAR AND THE CABINET DURING PEACE
• HE/SHE IS GIVEN POWER TO APPROVE OR VETO DECISIONS MADE BY THE CABINET OR THE
LEGISLATIVE BODY
• HE/SHE IS ALSO GIVEN A CHECK-AND-BALANCE POWER , WHICH MEANS HE/SHE CAN ORDER THE
REVIEW OF OTHER BRANCHES OF GOVERNMENT IF THEY ARE NOT EXECUTING THEIR FUNCTIONS
PROPERLY
POWER CONT…BRANCHES OF THE
GOVERNEMNT
• EXECUTIVE
• COMPOSED OF THE PRESIDENT OR THE PRIME MINISTER
• GRANTED WITH EXECUTIVE POWER , THE RIGHT TO EXECUTE GOVERNANCE AND IMPLEMENT LAWS
• LEGISLATURE
• INCLUDES THE SENATORS AND CONGRESSMEN
• GRANTED THE LEGISLATIVE POWER TO MAKE AND PASS LAWS FOR THE EXECUTIVE POWER TO IMPLEMENT
• JUDICIARY
• ARE TASKED TO INTERPRET LAWS IN ACCORDANCE WITH A SOCIETY’S STANDARDS AND NORMS
GENDER
• IS THE SOCIALLY-CONSTRUCTED CHARACTERISTICS OF BEING MALE OR FEMALE
• REFERS TO SOCIETY’S DIVISION OF HUMANITY INTO TWO DISTINCTIVE CATEGORIES
BASED ON SEX
• SERVES AS A GUIDE ON HOW MALES AND FEMALES THINK AND ACT ABOUT
THEMSELVES; THE WAYS THEY INTERACT WITH OTHERS; AND HOW THEY PERFORM
THEIR VARIOUS ROLES IN SOCIETY
• CULTURALLY-LEARNED DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MEN AND WOMEN
GENDER CONT…
• THE LEVEL OF MASCULINITY AND FEMININITY VARIES FROM ONE CULTURE TO
ANOTHER ESPECIALLY ON HOW SOCIETY DICTATES ONE’S PRODUCTIVE AND
REPRODUCTIVE ROLES OR GENDER ROLES
• EX. JUDEO-CHRISTIAN WORLD, MEN ARE PERCEIVED TO BE SUPERIOR THAN WOMEN

• OPERATES AS A DIMENSION OF INEQUALITY

• BUT IN RECENT YEARS OVERLAPPING OF DOMAINS HAVE OCCURRED
• WHAT SEEMED TO BE INEQUALITIES THEN ARE NOW CUSHIONED BY MORE
GENDER-FRIENDLY AND GENDER-SENSITIVE WORKING ENVIRONMENT
SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS
•REFERS TO THE CATEGORY OF PERSONS WHO HAVE MORE
OR LESS THE SAME SOCIOECONOMIC PRIVILEGES IN A
SOCIETY
•PRIVILEGES ARE DUE TO INHERITED WEALTH AND/OR
OCCUPATIONAL STATUS OF THE BREADWINNER IN THE
HOUSEHOLD
SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS CONT…
3 TYPES OF SOCIAL CLASSES IN THE PHILIPPINES: (CLASS A,B,C AND D)
1. UPPER- CONSISTS OF THE ELITE FAMILIES
2 GENERAL TYPES:
a. NEW RICH (NOUVEAU RICHE)- THOSE WHO HAVE HUMBLE BEGINNINGS AND OFTEN
EXPERIENCED RAGS-TO-RICHES
b. TRADITIONAL UPPER CLASS- MADE UP OF DESCENDANTS OF POWERFUL ELITE
FAMILIES WHO ACQUIRED WEALTH THROUGH INHERITANCE OR BIRTHRIGHT
2. MIDDLE- COMPOSED OF SMALL BUSINESS AND INDUSTRY OPERATORS MOSTLY
OWNERS AND MANAGERS, PROFESSIONALS, OFFICE WORKERS, AND FARM
OWNERS WITH INCOME SUFFICIENT ENOUGH TO PROVIDE A COMFORTABLE AND
DECENT LIVING
3. LOWER – THE LARGEST GROUP IN TERMS OF NUMBER AND RELATIVELY EARNS
THEIR LIVING THROUGH SUBSISTENCE
SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS CONT…
SUBSISTENCE LIFESTYLE- IS MANIFESTED THROUGH THE
FOLLOWING CONDITIONS:
a.A FAMILY COULD HARDLY EAT THREE DECENT MEALS A DAY
b.THE DAILY INCOME OF THE BREADWINNER COULD HARDLY FEED
THE ENTIRE FAMILY
c.THE BREADWINNER DOES NOT HAVE A PERMANENT JOB
ETHNICITY
•IS THE EXPRESSION OF THE SET OF CULTURAL IDEAS HELD
BY A DISTINCT ETHNIC OR INDIGENOUS GROUP.
ETHNIC GROUP- REFERS TO PEOPLE WHO
COLLECTIVELY AND PUBLICLY IDENTIFY THEMSELVES AS
DISTINCT AND UNIQUE
RELIGION
•IS AN ORGANIZED SYSTEM OF IDEAS ABOUT THE
SPIRITUAL SPHERE OR THE SUPERNATURAL,
ALONG WITH ASSOCIATED CEREMONIAL OR
RITUALISTIC PRACTICES BY WHICH PEOPLE TRY
TO INTERPRET AND/OR INFLUENCE ASPECTS OF
THE UNIVERSE OTHERWISE BEYOND HUMAN
CONTROL
EXCEPTIONALITY
•REFERS TO THE STATE OF BEING INTELLECTUALLY
GIFTED AND/OR HAVING PHYSICALLY OR MENTALLY
CHALLENGED CONDITIONS CONCERNING
PERSONALITY/BEHAVIOR, COMMUNICATION,
INTELLECT, PHYSICAL APPEARANCE OR A
COMBINATION OF MORE THAN ONE SPECIFIC
EXCEPTIONALITY OR DISABILITY
NATIONALITY

•THE LEGAL RELATIONSHIP THAT BINDS A PERSON AND A COUNTRY

•ALLOWS THE STATE TO PROTECT AND HAVE JURISDICTION OVER A
PERSON
 SCAVENGER HUNT
• find evidence of culture around (6 examples)
• Write sample of culture on a sheet of paper
• Participants will share the outcome and discuss
what each example of culture means and the
role it plays
• Hang the scavenger hunt output around the
room
JOURNAL PROMPT
•IF YOU WERE TO INVENT A CULTURAL TRADITION
OR RITUAL, WHAT WOULD IT BE? A LANGUAGE? A
FOOD? A DANCE? DESCRIBE YOUR NEW
TRADITION AND WHY YOU WOULD HAVE PEOPLE
PRACTICE IT.
 GONG MESSAGE
IN A MARGINAL COMMUNITY, GONG MESSAGES ARE
EMPLOYED A SONE OF THE MEDIUM OF
COMMUNICATION. IT IS SAID THAT THE SOUND OF
THE GONG CAN BE HEARD 3 – 5 KILOMETERS AWAY
RADIUS. BELOW IS AN EXAMPLE OF THE GONG
MESSAGES, DECIPHER AND BRIEFLY EXPLAIN IT.
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