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RE 709 Smart Grid

Evolution of Grid & Generation

Nithin S.
Assistant Professor
Department of EEE, ASE, Coimbatore
Importance of Electrical Energy
• Convenient form
• Easy Control
• Greater Flexibility
• Cheapness
• Cleanliness??
• High Transmission Efficiency ?

Treated as fuel in 20th century


Treated as infrastructure in 21st century
An index of development
History
• 1881 two electricians built the world's first power
system at Godalming in England
– two waterwheels - produced an alternating current -
supplied seven Siemens arc lamps at 250 volts and
34 incandescent lamps at 40 volts
• 1882 Thomas Edison, developed the first steam
powered electric power station on Pearl Street in New
York City that powered around 3,000 lamps for 59
customers.
– Used direct current and operated at a single voltage.
Maximum economic distance (between the generators and
load) was limited to around half-a-mile (800 m)

http://www.electricityforum.com/a-timeline-of-history-of-electricity.html
History
• 1882 - Lucien Gaulard and John Dixon Gibbs
demonstrated first transformer in London
• 1886 - first practical transformer based
alternating current power system at Great
Barrington, Massachusetts by William Stanley at
George Westinghouse’s company.
• 1888 – War of currents between use of AC and
DC
• 1895 – AC was chosen as the transmission
standards
http://www.edisontechcenter.org/AC-PowerHistory.html#timeline
History
• 1936 the first experimental HVDC was built
between Schenectady and Mechanicville, New
York.
• 1953 – first 345 kV transmission line is laid
• 1980 – first US wind farm
• 1984 – first tidal power plant
• 1985 - First power marketer, goes into
business.
Electric Power Grid

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_power_transmission
Sources of Electrical Energy
• Conventional
– Thermal (Coal)
– Gas
– Hydal
– Nuclear
• Non – Conventional
– Wind
– Solar
– Biomass
– Tidal
Thermal Power Plant

Source: http://indianpowersector.com/home/power-station/thermal-power-plant/
Source: http://www.chamco.net/MSWProcess.html
Merits of coal thermal plant
• Economical for low initial cost other than any
generating plant.
• Land required less than hydro power plant.
• Since coal is main fuel and its cost is quite cheap
than petrol/diesel so generation cost is
economical.
• There are easier maintenance.
• Thermal power plant can be installed in any
location where transportation & bulk of water are
available.

Source: http://www.electrical4u.com/thermal-power-generation-plant-or-thermal-power-station/
Demerits of coal thermal plant
• The running cost for a thermal power station is
comparatively high due to fuel, maintenance, etc.
• Large amount of smoke causes air pollution. The
thermal power station is responsible for Global
warming.
• The heated water that comes from thermal
power plant has an adverse effect on the lives in
the water and disturbs the ecology.
• Overall efficiency of thermal power plant is low
(30 – 40%).
Source: http://www.electrical4u.com/thermal-power-generation-plant-or-thermal-power-station/
Gas Power Plant

Source: http://www.mpoweruk.com/gas_turbines.htm
Merits of Gas Power Plant
• This is simple in design point of view.
• Requires very small space.
• As these machines can easily be started and stopped as
when required, there may not be any standby loss in
the system.
• Cooling is easy and requires smaller quantity of water
in this type power station.
• Initial cost is less than other types of power station.
• Thermal efficiency of diesel is quite higher than of coal.

Source: http://www.electrical4u.com/diesel-power-station/
Demerits of Gas Power Plant
• Cost of diesel is very high compared to coal.
• The plant generally used to produce small
power requirement.
• Cost of lubricants is high.
• Maintenance is quite complex and costs high.
• Not nature friendly.

Source: http://www.electrical4u.com/diesel-power-station/
Gas Power Plant

• Compressor
• Combustion Chamber
• Turbine

Source: http://www.mpoweruk.com/gas_turbines.htm
Nuclear Power Station

Source: http://www.electrical4u.com/nuclear-power-station-or-nuclear-power-plant/
Nuclear Power Station

Source: http://www.buildtheenterprise.org/nuclear-power-plant-in-operation-and-cooling-it
Merit of Nuclear Power Plant
• Fuel consumption in this power station is quite
low and hence, cost for generating single unit is
quite less than other conventional power
generation method.
• Occupies much smaller space compared to other
conventional power station of same capacity.
• This station does not require plenty of water,
hence it is not essential to construct plant near
natural source of water.
Source: http://www.electrical4u.com/nuclear-power-station-or-nuclear-power-plant/
Demerits of Nuclear Power Plant
• The fuel is not easily available and it is very costly.
• Initial cost for constructing nuclear power station is quite high.
• Erection and commissioning of this plant is much complicated and
sophisticated than other conventional power station.
• The fission by products are radioactive in nature, and it may cause
high radioactive pollution.
• The maintenance cost is higher and the man power required to run
a nuclear power plant is quite higher since specialy trained people
are required.
• Sudden fluctuation of load cannot be met up efficiently by nuclear
plant.
• As the by products of nuclear reaction is high radioactive, it is very
big problem for disposal of this by products. It can only be disposed
deep inside ground or in a sea away from sea share.

Source: http://www.electrical4u.com/nuclear-power-station-or-nuclear-power-plant/
Hydel Power Plant

Source: http://www.electrical4u.com/hydro-power-plant-construction-working-and-history-of-hydro-power-plant/
Hydel Power Plant
Merits of Hydel Power Plant
• Once a dam is constructed, electricity can be produced at a
constant rate.
• If electricity is not needed, the sluice gates can be shut, stopping
electricity generation.
• Dams are designed to last many decades and so can contribute to
the generation of electricity for many years / decades.
• The lake's water can be used for irrigation purposes.
• The build up of water in the lake means that energy can be stored
until needed, when the water is released to produce electricity.
• When in use, electricity produced by dam systems do not produce
green house gases. They do not pollute the atmosphere.

Source: http://www.technologystudent.com/energy1/hydr2.htm
Demerits of Hydel Power Plant
• Dams are extremely expensive to build and must be built to a very high
standard.
• The flooding of large areas of land means that the natural environment is
destroyed.
• The building of large dams can cause serious geological damage. For
example, the building of the Hoover Dam in the USA triggered a number
of earth quakes and has depressed the earth’s surface at its location.
• Dams built blocking the progress of a river in one country usually means
that the water supply from the same river in the following country is out
of their control. This can lead to serious problems between neighboring
countries.
• Building a large dam alters the natural water table level. For example, the
building of the Aswan Dam in Egypt has altered the level of the water
table. This is slowly leading to damage of many of its ancient monuments
as salts and destructive minerals are deposited in the stone work from
‘rising damp’ caused by the changing water table level.

Source: http://www.technologystudent.com/energy1/hydr2.htm
Wind Power Plant

ource: http://www.displayplus.net/news/articleView.html?idxno=39636
Merits of Wind Power Plant
• The wind is free and with modern technology it can be captured
efficiently.
• Once the wind turbine is built the energy it produces does not cause green
house gases or other pollutants.
• Although wind turbines can be very tall each takes up only a small plot of
land. This is especially the case in agricultural areas as farming can still
continue.
• Remote areas that are not connected to the electricity power grid can use
wind turbines to produce their own supply.
• Wind turbines are available in a range of sizes which means a vast range of
people and businesses can use them. Single households to small towns
and villages can make good use of range of wind turbines available today.

Sources:
http://www.technologystudent.com/energy1/wind8.htm
http://www.electrical4u.com/wind-turbine-working-types-and-history-of-wind-turbine/
Demerits of Wind Power Plant
• The strength of the wind is not constant and it varies
from zero to storm force. This means that wind
turbines do not produce the same amount of
electricity all the time. There will be times when they
produce no electricity at all.
• Wind turbines are noisy. Each one can generate the
same level of noise as a family car travelling at 70 mph.
• When wind turbines are being manufactured some
pollution is produced. Therefore wind power does
produce some pollution.
• Large wind farms are needed to provide entire
communities with enough electricity.
Sources:
http://www.technologystudent.com/energy1/wind8.htm
http://www.electrical4u.com/wind-turbine-working-types-and-history-of-wind-turbine/
Solar Power Plant
Solar Power Plant
Merits of Solar Power Plant
• Solar energy is free although there is a cost in the building of
‘collectors’ and other equipment required to convert solar energy
into electricity or hot water.
• Solar energy does not cause pollution. However, solar collectors
and other associated equipment / machines are manufactured in
factories that in turn cause some pollution.
• Solar energy can be used in remote areas where it is too expensive
to extend the electricity power grid.
• It is estimated that the worlds oil reserves will last for 30 to 40
years. On the other hand, solar energy is infinite (forever).

Source: http://www.technologystudent.com/energy1/solar7.htm
Demerits of Solar Power Plant
• Solar energy can only be harnessed when it is daytime and sunny.
• Solar collectors, panels and cells are relatively expensive to
manufacture although prices are falling rapidly.
• Solar power stations can be built anywhere but they do not match
the power output of similar sized conventional power stations.
• Large areas of land are required to capture the suns energy.
Collectors are usually arranged together especially when electricity
is to be produced and used in the same location.
• Solar power is used to charge batteries so that solar powered
devices can be used at night. However, the batteries are large and
heavy and need storage space. They also need replacing from time
to time.

Source: http://www.technologystudent.com/energy1/solar7.htm
Tidal Power Plant
Tidal Power Plant

Source: http://theearthproject.com/know-tidal-power/
Merits of Tidal Power Plant
• It is free from pollution as it does not use any
fuel.
• It is superior to hydro-power plant as it is
totally independent of rain.
• It improves the possibility of fish farming in
the tidal basins and it can provide recreational
facilities to visitors and holiday makers.

Source: http://mechanical-engineering-info.blogspot.in/2012/01/tidal-power-generation.html
Demerits of Tidal Power Plant
• Tidal power plants can be developed only if natural
sites are available on the bay.
• As the sites are available on the bays which are always
far away from load centers, the power generated has
to be transmitted to long distances. This increases the
transmission cost and transmission losses.
• The supply of power is not continuous as it depends
upon the timing of tides.
• The navigation is obstructed.
• Utilization of tidal energy on small scale is not
economical.

Source: http://mechanical-engineering-info.blogspot.in/2012/01/tidal-power-generation.html
Wave Power Plant

Source: http://gogreen.inplix.com/2015/01/23/ocean-energy-wave-power-station/
Wave Power Plant

Source: http://www.nucleartourist.com/renewables/ocean_and_wave_energy.htm
Source: http://www.technologystudent.com/energy1/engex.htm
Source: http://www.technologystudent.com/energy1/engex.htm
Source: http://www.technologystudent.com/energy1/engex.htm
Merits of Wave Power Plant
• Renewable
• Environment Friendly
• Abundant and Widely Available
• Variety of Ways To Harness
• Easily Predictable
• Less Dependency on Foreign Oil Cos
• No Damage to Land

Sources:
http://www.conserve-energy-future.com/Advantages_Disadvantages_WaveEnergy.php
http://greentumble.com/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-wave-power/
Demerits of Wave Power Plant
• Suitable to Certain Locations
• Effect on marine Ecosystem
• Source of Disturbance for Private and Commercial
Vessels
• Wavelength and wave power
• Weak Performance in Rough Weather
• Noise and Visual pollution

Sources:
http://www.conserve-energy-future.com/Advantages_Disadvantages_WaveEnergy.php
http://greentumble.com/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-wave-power/
Bio-mass Power Plant
Bio-mass Power Plant

Source: http://kredlinfo.in/projwte.aspx
Merits of Bio-mass Power Plant
• No Harmful Emissions
• Clean Energy
• Abundant and Renewable
• Reduce Dependency on Fossil Fuels
• Reduce Landfills

Source: http://www.conserve-energy-future.com/Advantages_Disadvantages_BiomassEnergy.php
Demerits of Bio-mass Power Plant
• Expensive
• Inefficient as Compared to Fossil Fuels
• Harmful to Environment – gases like methane
• Consume More Fuel
• Require More Land

Source: http://www.conserve-energy-future.com/Advantages_Disadvantages_BiomassEnergy.php
Bio-gas Power Plant

Source: http://www.kznenergy.org.za/anaerobic-digester-to-power-ukzns-howard-college-campus-by-end-of-2014/
Bio-gas Power Plant

Source: http://www.bioenergyconsult.com/tag/biogas/
Bio-gas Power Plant

http://www.weltec-biopower.com/How-does-a-biogas-plant-work.1080.0.html
Merits of Bio-gas Power Plant
• Renewable Source of Energy
• Non-Polluting
• Reduces Landfills
• Cheaper Technology
• Large number of Jobs
• Little Capital Investment
• Reduces Greenhouse Effect

Sources:
http://www.conserve-energy-future.com/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-biogas.php
http://www.ecovillage.org.in/ecopedia/alternate-energy/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-biogas
Demerits of Bio-gas Power Plant
• Little Technology Advancements
• Contain Impurities
• Not Attractive on Large Scale
• Unstable

Sources:
http://www.conserve-energy-future.com/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-biogas.php
http://www.ecovillage.org.in/ecopedia/alternate-energy/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-biogas
Geothermal Power Plant

Source: http://www.sensorsmag.com/specialty-markets/utilities/distributed-temperature-sensing-dts-geothermal-energy-applic-5866
Geothermal Power Plant

Source: http://www.technologystudent.com/energy1/geo3.htm
Merits of Geothermal Power Plant
• Environmentally friendly
• A renewable resource
• Potential capacity
• A stable resource
• No fuel required
• Small land footprint
• Stable resource
• Economic factors
• Abundant Supply
Source: http://planetsave.com/2016/02/11/geothermal-energy-advantages-and-disadvantages/
Demerits of Geothermal Power Plant
• Potential emissions
• Surface Instability
• High cost for electricity
• Location Specific
• Sustainability questions
• Cost of Powering the Pump
• May Run Out of Steam
• Distribution costs – If geothermal energy is
transported long distances, cost can become
prohibitive.
Source: http://planetsave.com/2016/02/11/geothermal-energy-advantages-and-disadvantages/
Comparison
Power Sector at a Glance ALL INDIA
Total Installed Capacity:(As on 30.06.2016)
Sector MW % of Total
State Sector 101,826 33.59%
Central Sector 76,297 25.17%
Private Sector 124,996 41.45%
Total 303,118

Fuel MW % of Total
Total Thermal 211,640 69.8%
Coal 186,213 61.4%
Gas 24,509 8.09%
Oil 919 0.30%
Hydro (Renewable) 42,848 14.1%
Nuclear 5,780 1.9%
RES** (MNRE) 42,849 14.1%
Total 303,118 100.00%
Source: http://powermin.nic.in/content/power-sector-glance-all-india
Source: http://www.cea.nic.in/reports/monthly/installedcapacity/2016/installed_capacity-06.pdf
Thank You
Source of Image: https://www.ecnmag.com/blog/2015/06/how-smart-grid-will-impact-iot

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