CAISSON

FOUNDATION
DEFINITION
• Caisson is a French word which means
‘a large chest or ‘a box’.
• Caisson is a water tight structure made
of wood, steel, R.C.C i.e. reinforced
cement constructed in connection
with excavation for the foundation of
bridges, piers in rivers, dock structures
etc.
TYPES OF CAISSON

• Open Caisson
• Box Caisson
• Pneumatic Caisson
OPEN CAISSON
• Open caissons permit excavation or
other work to be carried out inside the
caisson.
• The caisson will sink down into the soil
as excavation proceeds.
• Sections can be added on top to increase
height.
• Water can be pumped out to permit dry
work.
OPEN CAISSON
BOX CAISSON
• This type of caisson is similar to
open caisson except that it is
closed at bottom.
• The caisson is cast and cured on
land and when required, it is
launched in water and towed to
the site for sinking.
BOX CAISSON
PNEUMATIC CAISSON

• Pneumatic caissons can be

sunk with the aid of
compressed air.
• Provides a dry working
chamber.
PNEUMATIC CAISSON
SHAPES OF CAISSON
Basic shapes:
• Circular Rectangular
• Square
• Octagonal
Combination of basic shapes:
• Double Circular
• Double Rectangular
• Double hexagonal
• Double-D
• Double Octagonal
USES OF CAISSON
• Caissons are more suitable for the deep
foundation under water where the
foundation should be extended up to or
below the river bed so as to obtain the
proper stability.
• Caissons as type of well foundation is
constructed in rivers and lake, bridges,
break water dock structures for the point
of view of shore protection.
USES OF CAISSON
• When depth of water in river, lake, or
sea etc. are more, then caisson structure
is used.
• It is also used for pump house which are
subjected to huge vertical as well as
horizontal forces.
• It is also occasionally used for large and
multi-story building and other
structures.
ADVANTAGES
• The caisson can be extended up to large
depths.
• Caissons are more suitable for the deep
foundation under water where the
foundation should be extended up to or
below the river bed so as to obtain the
proper stability.
• Cost of Construction is relatively less on
bed level or lower side.
ADVANTAGES
• Quality control of pneumatic caisson is
good because work is done in dry
conditions. Concrete gain more strength
due to dry conditions.
• In-situ soil tests are possible to determine
the bearing capacity of pneumatic caisson.
• There is direct and easy passage to reach
the bottom of caisson, hence any
obstruction can easily be removed.
DISADVANTAGES
• In box caisson the placing of concrete is
done for concrete seal under water, it
may not be satisfactory.
• If any obstruction of boulders or logs
are encountered, then progress of work
becomes slow.
• The help of divers may be required for
excavation near haunches at the cutting
edges.
DISADVANTAGES
• Construction of pneumatic caissons
is much expensive than open
caissons.
• During working the various
constructional activities, a proper
care has to be taken, otherwise it
may lead to fatal accidents.
• Labor cost is high.
CAISSON DISEASES
• Workmen may suffer from giddiness.
• There is pains in ears of workmen.
• There is breaking of ear drums of workmen.
• There is bursting of blood vessels in the nose or ears of
workmen.
• It may cause paralytic death.
• If the bubbles are developed in spinal cord, it causes
paralysis and if the bubble are developed in heart, it
causes heart attack.
• Caisson diseases can be controlled by recompression
followed by slow decompression.
MICROPILES
• A micropile is a small-diameter
(typically less than 300 mm), drilled
and grouted replacement pile that
is typically reinforced.
• A micropile is constructed by drilling
a borehole, placing reinforcement,
and grouting the hole.
• Micropiles can withstand axial
and/or lateral loads.
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
• The use of micropiles has grown significantly
since their conception in the 195Os,
• 1952 - First introduced in Italy for foundation
restoration (underpinning) of WWII damaged
buildings
• 1960’s – Widely used in Europe for
underpinning old sensitive structures
• mid 70’s – First introduced in USA (New York
&Boston)
• 1980’s – Being introduced in East Asia
CLASSIFICATIONS

• Based on Design Application

• Based on Grouting method
BASED ON DESIGN APPLICATION
• CASE 1 :- micropile elements ,which
are loaded directly and where the pile
reinforcement resists the majority of
the applied load.
• CASE 2 :-micropile elements
circumscribes and internally reinforces
the soil to make a reinforced soil
composite that resists the applied load.
BASED ON GROUTING METHOD
• The method of grouting is generally the
most sensitive construction control over
grout/ground bond capacity . Grout-to-
grout capacity varies with the grouting
method.
• Type A: Gravity Grout
• Type B: Pressure through Casing
• Type C: Single Global Post Grout
• Type D: Multiple Repeatable Post Grout
• Type A: Here the grout is placed under
gravity head only using sand-cement
motors or neat cement .
• Type B:
1)In this type neat cement grout is
placed into the hole as the temporary
steel casing is with drawn.
2) Injection pressures varies from 0.5to
1.0 MPa. The pressure is limited to
avoid fracturing of the surrounding
ground.
• Type C: This is done in two step process:
1) As of Type A
2) Prior to hardening of the primary grout,
similar grout is injected one time via a
sleeve grout pipe at pressure of at least
1.0MPa.
• Type D: This is done in two step process
of grouting similar to Type C with
modifications to step 2 where the
pressure is injected at a pressure of 2.0
to 8.0MPa
JET GROUT APPLICATION
• The Jet Grouting process or Soil Crete is known as a
soil-cement stabilization.
• JET → A fluid flow which is passing through a small
opening with very high-speed. High pressure is
needed to produce the kinetic energy required for
the jet through a small-diameter nozzle.
• GROUT → Cement Mortar Jet grouting is a
construction process that uses a high pressure jet
of fluid (generally 40 – 45 MPa) to break up and
loosen the soil at depth in a borehole and to mix it
with a self-hardening grout to form columns,
panels and other structures in the ground.
 THE ADVANTAGES OF JET
GROUTING
• - Applicable to almost all soil types
• - Individualized in situ treatment
• - Designable strength and
permeability
• - Specific layer treatment
• - Inert components only
• - Vibration-free
THE ADVANTAGES OF JET
GROUTING
• - Applicable in limited working spaces
• - Possibility of different Soilcrete elements
• - Maintenance-free
• - The safest and most direct underpinning
method
• - Able to operate around underground
installations in service
• - Faster than alternative methods