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(ME-221)
• Components:
The elements or compounds that are mixed initially (Al and Cu).
• Phases:
A phase is a homogenous, physically distinct and mechanically
separable portion of the material with a given chemical
composition and structure (a and b).
Aluminum-
Copper
Alloy
2
Phase Equilibria: Solubility Limit
Temperature (°C)
solution exists. (liquid)
60 L +
Question: What is the
(liquid solution S
solubility limit for sugar in 40
water at 20°C? i.e., syrup) (solid
20 sugar)
Answer: 65 wt% sugar.
At 20°C, if C < 65 wt% sugar: syrup 0 20 40 6065 80 100
At 20°C, if C > 65 wt% sugar: syrup + sugar
Water
Sugar
Equilibrium
4
One Component Phase Diagram
5
Phase Diagrams
1500 L (liquid)
1400
B D
1300
Cu-Ni
system 1200 a
(FCC solid solution)
1100 A
1000 wt% Ni
0 20 40 60 80 100
Cu 7
Determination of phase(s) present
• Examples:
Cu-Ni
phase
diagram
Melting points: Cu =
1085°C, Ni = 1453 °C
Solidus - Temperature where alloy is completely solid. Above this line, liquefaction begins.
Liquidus - Temperature where alloy is completely liquid. Below this line, solidification
begins. 8
Phase Diagrams: composition of phases
At TA = 1320°C:
Only Liquid (L) present
CL = C0 ( = 35 wt% Ni)
At TD = 1190°C:
Only Solid (a) present
Ca = C0 ( = 35 wt% Ni)
At TB = 1250°C:
Both a and L present
CL = C liquidus ( = 32 wt% Ni)
Ca = C solidus ( = 43 wt% Ni)
9
Phase Diagrams: weight fractions of phases
SS
W 43 35
WLL R S
43 32
73wt %
R S
RR
W
Waa R S = 27wt %
R S 10
Ex: Equilibrium Cooling of a Cu-Ni Alloy
110 0
20 30 35 40 50
C0 wt% Ni
11
• Development of
microstructure during
the non-equilibrium
solidification of a 35
wt% Ni-65 wt% Cu
alloy outcome:
• Segregation-
nonuniform
distribution of
elements within
grains.
• Weaker grain
boundaries if alloy
is reheated.
Cored vs Equilibrium Phases
• Ca changes as it solidifies.
• Cu-Ni case: First a to solidify has Ca = 46wt%Ni.
Last a to solidify has Ca = 35wt%Ni.
• Fast rate of cooling: • Slow rate of cooling:
Cored structure Equilibrium structure
14
Binary Isomorphous Systems
Cu-Ni system:
• The liquid L is a homogeneous liquid solution composed
of Cu and Ni.
• The α phase is a substitutional solid solution consisting
of Cu and Ni atoms with an FCC crystal structure.
• At temperatures below 1080 C, Cu and Ni are mutually
soluble in each other in the solid state for all
compositions.
• The complete solubility is explained by their FCC
structure, nearly identical atomic radii and electro-
negativities, and similar valences.
• The Cu-Ni system is termed isomorphous because of
this complete liquid and solid solubility of the 2
components.
15
16
Criteria for Solid Solubility
17
Isomorphous Binary Phase Diagram
• Phase diagram:
Cu-Ni system. T(°C)
• System is: 1600
Cu-Ni
-- binary 1500 L (liquid) phase
2 components: diagram
Cu and Ni. 1400
-- isomorphous
i.e., complete 1300
solubility of one
1200 a
component in
another; a phase 1100
(FCC solid
field extends from solution)
0 to 100 wt% Ni. 1000
0 20 40 60 80 100 wt% Ni
18
Importance of Phase Diagrams
19
Microstructure
20