Production Of Biodiesel From

Jatropha Plant
By
MOHAMED HARUN RAJEED S
2015303536
 Biodiesel
• Biodiesel is a cleaner burning
replacement fuel made from
renewable sources like new and
used vegetable oils and animal fats.

• It is formed by chemical reaction

of lipids with alcohol that produce
fatty acid esters(Biodiesel).
 Raw Materials
 Rapeseed, the major source (>80%)

 Sunflower oil (10%, Italy and Southern France)

 Soybean oil (USA)

 Palm oil (Malaysia)

 Linseed, olive oils (Spain)

 Cottonseed oil (Greece)

 Beef tallow (Ireland), lard, used frying oil (Austria), Jatropha

(Nicaragua), Guang-Pi (China)
 What is Jatropha?

•Shrub: 2 meters in height

• Draught resistant, perennial

• Starts producing after 2-3 years of plantation (produces for 30-35 years)
• Seeds contain 50% oil (approx. 30% is extractable)
• Oil: non-edible
•Seed production: 0.8 to 5.2 tons per acre per annum (depending on soil and
irrigation)
 How Jatropha-biodiesel and Petro-diesel
compare:

•Low emissions: Reduction in unburned hydrocarbons, CO, SO2 and particulate

matter. Slight increase in NOX
• Energy content: 94% (~70% for ethanol)
• Energy Balance: >3.2 (US DOE estimate with soy-biodiesel)
 Jatropha Benefits
• Oil provides energy for
light, transportation, and
cooking.
• The Jatropha plant improves the
soil and prevents erosion.
• After Crushing the seeds for
oil, the leftover seed mass is
used as excellent fertilizer
• Glycerin, a by product of
Jatropha oil, can be used to
produce soap.
• The carbon dioxide
absorption is 8 Kg. per tree
per Year and can be
converted into Carbon
Credit Certificates
 Oil Extraction
• There are two process for oil extraction from
jatropha seed.
– Mechanical
• Manually 50% Electrically 60%
– Chemical
• Solvent Extraction
– Hexane is mostly used
– 48%-98% Extraction Efficiency
– Cheap, Narrow Distillation Range.
Processing of Biodiesel using Jatropha
seeds
 Bio diesel Production Basics

• Basic routes
 Homogenous Base catalyzed trans-esterification.
 Homogenous Acid catalyzed trans-esterification.
 Enzyme Catalyzed trans-esterification.
 Trans-esterification using Super Critical Alcohol.
 Trans-esterfication using Heterogeneous Catalyst.
 Bio Diesel - Manufacture

CH2-O-COR CH2-OH
| KOH, rt, 6h |
CH-O-COR + 3R’OH 3RCOOR’ + CH-OH
| |
CH2-O-CO-R CH2-OH

(100 kg) (10.55 kg) (.1 kg) (100 kg) (10.55 kg)
Oil Alcohol KOH Bio Diesel Glycerin
Base Catalyzed Trans-Esterification
 NaOH is the main component used due to being cheaper.
 Raw materials needed is a refined vegetable oil (otherwise
saponification reaction would consume the catalyst.
 Purification of glycerol is difficult
 Reaction time is about 1-2hrs.
 This time it is the most cheapest method available.
 Amount of equipment is high.
Acid Catalyzed Trans-Esterification

• Sulphuric Acid is commonly used.

• Reaction is 4000 times slower than base catalyzed.
• No soap production is their.
• It can treat less pure fatty acids with some fatty
acids/or water in it.
• Neutralization, Purification & Separation processes are
required.
• Due to increase in effluents as non desirable by-
products result in material & energy losses.
• Bigger investment is required.
Comparison Of Different Methods
 Effect of Free Fatty Acid (FFA)

Soap formation
Excessive utilization of alkali
Loss of yield
Slower reaction
Incomplete conversion
For best conversion FFA should be lower than 0.8%
Troubleshooting in high FFA containing
oils
 Formation of soap
 Reduction in catalyst efficiency
 Separation process is difficult
 Low yield of Ester (Bio diesel)
 Therefore, two stage method was used
 Esterification of FFA with mineral acid
 Tranesterification with lye
 Biodiesel Advantages
• Higher cetane numbers of biodiesel compared to the
petroleum diesel indicates potential for higher
engine performance.
• Superior lubricating properties of biodiesel increases
functional engine efficiency.
• Higher flash point makes them safer to store.
• Biodiesel is oxygenated so its use dramatically
reduces toxic air emissions compared to petroleum
diesel.
 Biodiesel and the Environment
• Biodiesel is carbon neutral because the
balance between the amount of CO2
emissions and the amount of CO2
absorbed by the plants producing
vegetable oil is equal.
• Combustion of one liter of diesel fuel results
in the emission of about 2.6 kilograms of CO2.
 Biodiesel Disadvantages
• Modifications are required for the vehicles.
• High CFPP (cold filter plugging point) value
• Biodiesel cleans dirt from the engine. But
this dirt gets collected in fuel filter and clogs
it.
• High cost of Production
• Use of fertilizers
• Blends of biodiesel above 20% can cause
engine maintenance problems.
Thank You