ENGINEERING MATERIALS (ME-221)

Instructor: Dr. Rafiq Ahmad

Assistant Professor
• PhD in CNC production (Mechanical Engineering)
France (Sept 2012)

• Masters in Knowledge integration in Mechanical Design and Production

Paris, France (2009)

• Bsc Honors in Mechanical Engineering

UET Peshawar, Pakistan (2007)

Lecture 01: Introduction to Engineering Materials

“Because without materials, there is no engineering.”

 ENGINEERING MATERIALS (ME-221)

Contact hours: 3
Credit hours: 3

Scope:
Provide an introduction to the science and engineering of materials
(e.g., metals, ceramics, polymers, and semiconductors).

Objective:

Develop an awareness of materials and their properties that, as an

engineer, you must rely in the future.
• To introduce basic concepts, nomenclature, and testing of materials.
• To reveal the relationships between
Processing - Structure - Properties - Performance
• To develop ideas behind materials selection and design.
Books
Text:

a. ‘Introduction to Physical Metallurgy’, 2nd Edition, By

Sidney H. Avner

Reference:

a. ‘Materials and Processes in Manufacturing’, 8th Edition,

By E.P Degarmo, Prentice Hall
b. ‘Introduction to Engineering Materials’, By B.K, Agrawal,
McGraw-Hill Science
c. ‘Introduction to Engineering Materials’ 2nd Edition,
By William F. Smith, McGraw-Hill Science
Grading Policy

Assignments + Mini-project  12.5%

Quizzes + Presentations  12.5%
Sessional tests  25%
Final-term Exam  50%
 Units of Length

1 cm ⇔ 10–2 m ⇔ 0.01 m
1 mm ⇔ 10–3 m ⇔ 0.001 m
1 micron (μm) ⇔ 10–6 m ⇔ 0.000001 m
1 nanometer (nm) ⇔ 10–9 m ⇔ 0.000000001 m
1 Angstrom (Å) ⇔ 10–10 m ⇔ 0.0000000001 m
 Six Major Classes of Materials

• Some of these have descriptive subclasses.

• Classes have overlap, so some materials fit into more than one class.

Metals
Valence electrons are detached from atoms, and spread in an 'electron
sea’ that "glues" the ions together. Metals are usually strong, conduct
electricity and heat well and are opaque to light (shiny if polished).

Examples: aluminum, steel, brass, gold.

• Iron and Steel

• Alloys and Superalloys (e.g. aerospace applications)
• Intermetallic Compounds (high-T structural materials)

Further classified as ferrous (iron as a main constituent e.g. Iron and

Stainless steel) and non-ferrous (e.g. Aluminum, Zinc, Lead and Brass)
 Six Major Classes of Materials

Ceramics
Atoms behave mostly like either positive or negative ions, and are bound
by Coulomb forces between them. They are usually combinations
(compounds) of metals or semiconductors with oxygen, nitrogen or
carbon (oxides, nitrides, and carbides).

Examples: glass, porcelain, many minerals.

• Structural Ceramics (high-temperature load bearing)

• Refractories {fire bricks} (corrosion-resistant, insulating)
• Whitewares (e.g. porcelains)
• Glass
• Electrical Ceramics (capacitors, insulators, transducers)
• Chemically Bonded Ceramics (e.g. cement and concrete)
 Six Major Classes of Materials

Polymers

Are bound by covalent forces and also by weak van der Waals forces,
and usually based on H, C and other non-metallic elements. They
decompose at moderate temperatures (100 - 400 C), and are
lightweight.

Examples: plastics (nylon, Teflon, polyester) and rubber.

Most of the polymers and plastics are artificially produced from organic
materials e.g. Rubber is available in nature, whereas Nylon is artificially
produced from petroleum products.
 Six Major Classes of Materials

Electronic Materials (Semiconductors)

The bonding is covalent (electrons are shared between atoms). Their

electrical properties depend extremely on minute proportions of
contaminants. They are opaque to visible light but transparent to the
infrared.

Examples: Si, Ge, GaAs.

• Silicon and Germanium

• III-V Compounds (e.g. GaAs)
• Photonic materials (solid-state lasers, LEDs)
 Six Major Classes of Materials

Composites
• Particulate composites (small particles embedded in a different
material)
• Laminate composites (golf club shafts, tennis rackets, Damaskus
swords)
• Fiber reinforced composites (e.g. fiberglass)
• CFRP

Biomaterials (really using previous 5)

• Man-made proteins (cytoskeletal protein rods or “artificial
bacterium”)
• Biosensors (Au-nanoparticles stabilized by encoded DNA for
anthrax detection)
• Drug-delivery colloids (polymer based)
 Properties of Materials

• An alternative to major classes, you may divide materials into

classification according to properties.
• One goal of materials engineering is to select materials with suitable
properties for a given application, so it’s a sensible approach.
• Just as for classes of materials, there is some overlap among the
properties, so the divisions are not always clearly defined

Mechanical properties
a) Elasticity and stiffness (recoverable stress vs. strain)
b) Plasticity (non-recoverable stress vs. strain)
c) Strength
d) Brittleness or Toughness
e) Fatigue
 Properties of Materials

Electrical properties
a) Electrical conductivity and resistivity
b) Dielectric properties
c) Polarizability
d) Capacitance

Magnetic properties
a) Paramagnetic properties
b) Diamagnetic properties
c) Ferromagnetic properties

Chemical properties
a) Oxidation properties
b) Corrosion properties
 Properties of Materials

Optical properties
a) Refractive index
b) Absorption, reflection, and transmission

Thermal properties
a) Thermal conductivity
b) Thermal Expansion

Biological properties
a) Toxicity
b) bio-compatibility
 Role of Materials properties

a) What materials are

toughest against
fracture?
b) Does density of
materials play a role?
 Practice
Consider that you need to create a container for storing water.
The material used for storing the container should have the
properties:
Mechanical properties
a) Exhibit elastic strain and return to its original position even if a
force is applied to it.
b) Be tough and able to resist sudden external loads applied to it

Chemical properties
a) Corrosion resistant  Constant contact with water

Thermal properties
a) Good conductor of heat  Water inside it can cool quickly when
refrigerated

Various testing of materials is used to select the

appropriate material for the purpose required
Materials Engineering Vs Materials science
Thank you