Professional Documents
Culture Documents
SYSTEM
ACHMAD AMINUDDIN
THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
• CONSIST OF ;
- LYMPH.
- LYMPHATIC VESSELS.
- ORGANS CONTAINING LYMPHATIC
TISSUE.
- RED BONE MARROW.
LYMPHATIC TISSUE
• IS A SPESIALIZED FORM OF
RETICULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE
THAT CONTAINS LARGE NUMBERS OF
LYMPHOCYTES.
• TWO TYPE OF LYMPHOCYTES ;
- B CELLS.
- T CELLS.
FUNCTIOS OF THE LYMPHATIC
SYSTEM
• DRAINING EXCESS INTERSTITIAL FLUID.
• TRANSPORTING DIETARY LIPID.
• CARRYING OUT IMMUNE RESPONSES.
- IN CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNE
RESPONSES.
T cells destroy the intruders by
causing them to rupture or by reali-
sing cytotoxic ( cell-killing ) substances.
- IN ANTIBODY-MEDIATED IMMUNE
RESPONSES.
B cells differentiate into plasma cells that protec us
against disease by producing antibody, proteins
that combine with and cause destruction of specific
foreign substances.
LYMPHATHIC ORGAN AND
TISSUE.
• PRIMARY LYMPHATIC ORGANS
- THE SITES WHERE STEM CELLS
DEVIDE AND BECOME IMMUNOCOM-
PETENT, THAT IS CAPABLE OF MOUN
TING AN IMMUNE RESPONSE.
- RED BONE MARROW AND THYMUS.
- PLURIPTENT STEM CELLS IN THE BONE
MARROW GIVE RISE TO MATURE, IMMUNO
COMPETENT B CELLS AND TO PRE-T CELLS
WHICH MIGRATE TO AND BECOME
IMMUNOCOMPETENT T CELLS IN THE
THYMUS.
• SECONDARY LYMPHATIC ORGANS
SECONDARY LYMPHATIC
ORGANS
• ARE THE SITES WHERE MOST
IMMUNE RESPONSES OCCUR.
• INCLUDE
- LYMPH NODES.
- SPLEEN.
- LYMPHATIC NODULES.
THYMUS
• IN THE MEDIASTINUM, BETWEEN THE
STERNUM AND THE AORTA.
• CAPSULE – TRABECULAE – LOBULES.
• LOBULE CONSIST OF CORTEX AND
MEDULLA.
• IN INFANT ABOUT 70 g, AND IN OLD
AGE ABOUT 3 g.
LYMPH NODES
• CAPSULE – TRABECULAE –
COMPARTEMENTS.
• STROMA CONSIST OF CAPSULE,
TRABECULAE, RETICULAR FIBER, AND
FIBROBLASTS.
• PARENCHYMA ;
- CORTEX.
- MEDULLA.
SPLEEN
• LOCATED IN THE LEFT
HYPOCHONDRIAC REGION BETWEEN
THE STOMACH AND DIAPHRAGM.
• STROMA CONSIST OF CAPSULE,
TRABECULAE, RETICULAR FIBERS
AND FIBROBLASTS.
• THE PARENCHYMA CONSIST OF ;
- WHITE PULP.
- RED PULP.
LYMPHATIC NODULES
• SCATTERED THROUGHOUT THE LAMINA
PROPRIA LINING THE GASTROINTESTINAL,
GENITOURINARY AND RESPIRATORY
TRACTS.
• MULTIPLE LARGE AGGREGATION ;
- TONSILS IN THE PHARYNGEAL
REGION.
- PEYER’S PATCHES IN THE ILEUM.
- IN THE APPENDIX.
IMMUNITY
• Specific resistance ; the ability of the body
to defend itself against specific invading
agents such as bacteria, toxin, viruses and
foreign tisue.
• Antigen; substances that are recognized
as foreign and provoke immune responses
MATURATION OF T CELLS AND B
CELLS.
• T CELLS AND B CELLS DEVELOP IN PRIMARY
LYMPHATIC ORGAN ( RED BONE MARROW AND
THYMUS ).
• B CELLS COMPLETE THEIR DEVELOPMENT IN RED
BONE MARROW.
• T CELLS DEVELOP FROM PRE T CELLS THAT
MIGRATE FROM BONE MARROW INTO THE
THYMUS, WHERE THEY MATURE.
• BEFORE T CELLS LEAVE THE THYMUS OR B CELLS
LEAVE RED BONE MARROW, THEY BEGIN TO MAKE
ANTIGEN RECEPTOR THAT ARE INSERTED INTO
THEIR PLASMA MEMBRANE.
TYPES OF IMMUNE RESPOSES
• NEUTRALIZING ANTIGEN.
• IMMOBILIZING BACTERIA.
• AGGLUTINATING AND PRECIPITATING
ANTIGEN.
• ACTIVATING COMPLEMENT.
• ENHANCING PHAGOCYTOSIS.
CLASSES OF IMMUNOGLOBULIN
COMPLEMENT SYSTEM IN
IMMUNITY
• C3 can be activated in three ways
• 1. The classical pathway
Starts when antibodies bind to antigen.
The antigen-antibody complex binds
and activates C1, eventually C3 is actvd
• 2, The alternative pathway
Initiated by an interaction between lipid-
carbohydrate complexes on the surface of
microbes and complement protein factors B, D
and P. This interaction activates C3
• 3. The lectin pathway
COMPLEMNT SYSTEM IN
IMMUNITY
• C3 can be activated in three ways
• 3. The lecitin pathway
Macrophage that digest microbes
release chemicals that cause the liver
produce lectins.
Lectin bind to the carbohydrates on the
surface of microbes, ultimatelly causing
the activation of C3.
COMPLEMENT