WATER & MINERALS

AIR TUBUH
TOTAL 70% LBM (D2O, ANTIPIRIN)

INTRASEL [50%] EKSTRASEL [20%]

(MANITOL / INULIN)

◘ INTERSTISIAL [15%]

◘ PLASMA [5%]
(EVANS BLUE /
I131-ALB /
P32-ERITR)
◘ BONE / TRANSCELL
 WATER BALANCE
“INTAKE” (ml) “OUTPUT” (ml)

ASAL OBLIGA FAKUL ASAL OBLIGA FAKUL

TORIK TATIF TORIK TATIF

MINUM 650 1000 URINA 700 1000

KULIT 500
750 PARU2 400
MAKANAN
FESES 150

OKSIDASI 350

SUBTOTAL 1750 1000 SUBTOTAL 1750 1000

TOTAL 2750 TOTAL 2750

Comparison of the mean concentrations of various
molecules outside and inside a mammalian cell
Minerals and trace elements
 CALCIUM

MOST ABUNDANT ESCENTIAL MINERAL : 1200 g/70 kg

(99% in the bones and teeth)

Functions :
◘ bones and teeth formation
◘ enzyme activation (cofactor)
◘ muscle contraction
◘ hormones secretion
◘ 2nd messenger
◘ membrane permeability
 CALCIUM ABSORPTION

◘ Growth
◘ High protein diet
( lysine, arginine, histidine, tryptophane, methionine,
isoleucine)
◘ Lactose
◘ Low pH

◘ Fats / fatty acids

◘ Ca/P rasio (optimal 1:1)
◘ Oxalic acid / phytate
◘ High pH
Average Bone Density with Age and Fracture Threshold
HYPERPARATHYROIDISM HYPERCALCEMIA

HYPOPARATHYROIDISM HYPOCALCEMIA

HYPOPVITAMINOSIS D RICKETS
 PHOSPHOROUS

FUNCTIONS :

◘ development of bones and teeth (80-90%)

◘ phosphorylation processes
◘ part of DNA and RNA
◘ as phospholipids
◘ buffer system
 MAGNESIUM

FUNCTIONS :

◘ 70% in bone and teeth

◘ intracell enzyme cofactors

(ATP ase)

ALCOHOL urinary excretion of Mg

Low Mg tremor/convulsions
 SODIUM
EXTRACELLULAR CATHION

HYPONATREMIA

CAUSES : ▪ CORTEX ADRENAL INSUFICIENCY

▪ DIARHEA
▪ SWEAT
▪ CHRONIC RENAL DISEASES

HYPERNATREMIA

CAUSES : ▪ SODIUM INTAKE

▪ CUSHING DISEASE

Cl Na
 POTASIUM
INTRACELLULAR CATHION

Hypokalemia : ▪ malnutrition
▪ diarhea
▪ Cushing syndrome
▪ diuretics

Muscle weakness

Hyperkalemia : ▪ renal failure

▪ dehydration
▪ Addison disease

Cardiac muscle and nerve depression

Sequential Changes in the Development of iron Deficiency