EXTRACTION OF METALS

WELCOME
FROM E- WASTE

GUIDED BY SUBMITTED BY
BESSY JOHN MAHESWARY K M
ASST.PROFFESSOR ROLL NO. 18
DEPT.OF CIVIL ENGINEERING S7 CIVIL
KMPCE KMPCE
1
INTRODUCTION

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The development of consumer oriented electrical and electronic technologies
leads to countless units of electronic equipments.
 The useful life of these consumer electronic equipments is very short which
leads to a large waste stream of electronic equipments
 The rapid industrialization demands for heavy metals
 E Waste – Discarded computers, office electronic equipments , entertainment
devices etc
 Many of these products can be reused, refurbished, or recycled.

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E-WASTE
 Annual growth of e waste is three times than that of municipal waste streams
 E waste – 3 categories
 Large house hold appliances
 IT and Telecom equipments
 Consumer equipments

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E waste contains precious materials such as
1.Gold
2.Silver
3.Copper
4.Glass
5. Plastics
6. Arsenic, Mercury, Cadmium and Lead ( Harmful
Materials)

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COMPOSITION OF E-WASTE
• Plastic :22%
non
ferrous • Metals: 52%

plastic • Non ferrous metals :14%

• Others :12%
metals
others

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 E-waste

Bright side Dark side

Serves as the
Negative impacts
source for
on environment
secondary raw
and health
materials

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TYPE OF E-WASTE

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8
TOXIC SUBSTANCES IN E-WASTE
Substance Occurrences in e waste
PCB Condensers, Transformers
TBBA Fire Retardants for plastics
CFC Cooling unit, insulation foam
PVC Cable insulation
Arsenic Small quantities in the form of
Gallium-arsenide within light
emitting diodes

Barium Getters in CRT

Chromium VI Data Tapes, Floppy Disks
Lithium Li Batteries

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 Beryllium Power supply boxes

Cadmium Rechargable NiCd batteries

Lead CRT Screens

Mercury Fluorescent lamps

Nickel Rechargable NiCd batteries

Rare earth elements Fluorescent layer

Selenium Photo drums

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DISADVANTAGES
1. Contain hazardous material which includes poisonous chemicals - lead,
mercury
2. Recycling process produce so many problems to the environment.
3. The information is very less to know about the e-waste .

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HAZARDS
Substance Hazards
Arsenic Decreases nerve conduction velocity, Lung
cancer
Barium Brain swelling, Muscle weaken, Damage to
heart, liver etc
Beryllium Beryllicosis
BFRS Hormone Disorder
Cadmium Lung cancer , kidney damage, bone disease
CFC Skin cancer, genetic damage
Chromium Permanent eye injury
Dioxin Decreases reproduction, impairment of
immune system

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 Lead Appetite loss, abdominal pain, head
ache
Mercury Brain and liver damage

PCB Cancer in animals, affects immune

system, reproductive system etc

PVC Respiratory problems

Selenium Neurological Abnormalities

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ADVANTAGES
1. Conserves natural resources
2. Protects our surroundings
3. Helps others
4. Create Jobs
5. Saves landfill space

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MANAGEMENT OF E-WASTE
Process of waste management,
• Collection
• Transportation
• Disposal
• Recycling

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METHODS USED IN MANAGING E-WASTE
1.Thermal treatments - Incineration, Open Burning
2. Land Filling
3. Acid Bath
4. Scrapping
5. Avoidance and Reduction Methods
6. Extended Producer Responsibility (EPC)
7. Legislation
8. Export to Developing Countries
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INCINERATION
 Process of destroying waste through burning
 The gases released and the residue ash is often toxic.
 Incineration also includes pyrolysis
 Pyrolysis – heating the substance in the absence of
oxygen
 Substances are converted to fumes, oils and charcoal .

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 INCINERATION PROCESS
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OPEN BURNING
 Open fires burn at relatively low temperatures
 Release many more pollutants than in a controlled incineration process
 Causes
Asthma attacks, Respiratory infections, Coughing,
Wheezing, Chest pain, Eye irritation.
 Exposure to open fire emissions leads to diseases such as emphysema and
cancer

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 OPEN BURNING PROCESS
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LANDFILLING
 Most widely used method
 The leachate contains heavy metals and other toxic substances
 Older landfill sites and uncontrolled dumps pose a much greater
danger of releasing hazardous emissions
 Mercury, Cadmium and Lead are among the most toxic leachates

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 LAND FILLING PROCESS OF E-WASTE
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ACID

BATH
Soaking of the electronic circuits in powerful sulphuric, hydrochloric or
nitric acid solutions
Recovered metal is used in the manufacturing of products.

DISSOLVED COPPER IN THE ACID BATH TURNED THESOLUTION GREEN

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SCRAPPING
 Scrappers recycle e-waste themselves.
 Discarded waste material, especially metal suitable for
reprocessing.
 To break down into parts for disposal or salvage

AVOIDANCE AND REDUCTION METHOD

 Prevention of e-waste from being created.
 Good in waste management.
 Helps in resources conservation

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EXTEND PRODUCER RESPONSIBILITY
Producers push the responsibility for the end-of-life product
management to the general public
Minimization of impact on human health and the environment.

LEGISLATION
Promote reuse of electronic devices and mandating manufacturers.

EXPORT TO DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

Export e-waste to developing countries like China, India.

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 RECYCLING: BEST E-WASTE MANAGEMENT
METHOD
 Recycling : Equipment disassembled – valuable components
recovered – used for manufacturing new products.
 Factors affecting the selection of recycling process – type and
complexity of material, metal content and volume.

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 E-WASTE RECYCLING PROCESS

E-WASTE COLLECTION DISMANTLING

FINAL PRE-
END
METAL PROCESSING
PROCESSING
RECOVERY

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COLLECTION
 First and crucial step.
Determines the quantity of waste available for recovery.
Materials are classified, evaluated and separated
according to metal content and recoverability .

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DISMANTILING
 Removal of valuable components such as copper cables,
drives,batteries etc.
 Also called enrichment because critical materials are removed.
Two methods are employed here :
• Mechanical shredding and Sorting
• Manual dismantling and Sorting

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PRE-PROCESSING
Sorting & Dismantling Separation of reusable part

Mechanical Processing Separation of wiring, metals

Vibrating screens

Magnetic separation Separation

Separationof ferrous
of ferrous metals
metals

Separation of non ferrous

Eddy current separation Separation ofmetals
non ferrous metals

Density separation Separation ofplastic

Separation of plastic

Disposal Landfills
Landfills

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END PROCESSING
Final stage in the recycling chain
Non-metal and metal fractions of e-waste are further processed.
Metallic fraction of e-waste can be further processed to separate or
extract minor metals/elements using various leaching process.

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LEACHING
Process of extracting substances from a solid by dissolving them in
a liquid.
Chemical Leaching:
 Leaching using acid or ligand
Biological Leaching :
Allows the cycling of material by a process close to natural
biogeochemical cycles
 Reduces the demand for resources such as ores, energy, or landfill space.

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CHEMICAL LEACHING
Hydrometallurgical Techinque

Chemical Chemical
Chemical Leaching Leaching Hydrometullu
Leaching ( involving ( involving acid rgical etching
ligands) treatment)
H2SO4
•
• Cyanide leaching • EDTA •
HCL FeCl3 CuCl2
• Halide leaching • DTPA •
Aquaregia & HCl
• Thiourea leaching • NTA H2So4 and
• organic
• Thiosulphate • Oxalate solvents
HNO3
leaching
• Sodium
hypochlorite
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  Cyanide Leaching
4Au+8CN 4Au(CN)2+4e-
O2 + 2H2O+4e-4OH
 Halide Leaching
2HNO3 +6HCL 2NO+4H2O+3Cl2
2Au +11HCl+3HNO3 2HAuCl4 +3NOCl + 6H2O
 Thiourea Leaching
Au +2CS(NH2)2 Au(CS(NH2)2)2+ + e-
 Thiosulphate Leaching
Au(S2O3)23- + 4NH3 + Cu(S2O3)35-
2Cu(S2O3)35- +8 NH3 +1/2 O2 + H2O
2Cu(NH3)42++2OH +6S2O32-

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BIOLEACHING
Bio Mass Substances containing metal ions

Biosorption

Metal containing bio mass Residue

Destruction of bio mass Non destructive regeneration

Metal
Regenerated bio mass Metal

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CASE STUDY – MUMBAI
 Mumbai has become a junk yard of much of the electronic discards.
 Recovery of copper from printed circuit boards through electrolytic process.
 Copper plate - cathode and graphite rod – anode
 Weight of the dried sample of PCB after 5 hours of dissolution process was132 gm
 Weight of copper deposited in the cathode plate increases linearly with time,
 Maximum power consumption was 0.0214 kWh for 14.861 gm of copper
recovered
 Maximum copper recovered - 12% in 120 minutes using 5 L of dissolved solution

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 Time (min) verses weight of PCB dissolved in
solution (gm)
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SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
 E-Wastes will be a great challenge
 Urgent need for the improvement of e-waste management.
 Improve the yield of metals through bioleaching of e-waste
 A single method will not be able to control the pollution load.
 A combination of methods in steps is required to recycle, recover
and reduce the pollution load.

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REFFERENCES
• Ruchi Chauhan,Kanjan Upadhyay(2015): ‘Removal Of Heavy Metal From E-Waste’, International Journal
Of Chemical Studies, Vol 3, No 3, August 2015, pp15-21.
• Deepthi Mittal, Navnish Goel, Renu Rani (2012): ‘E-Waste : A Hidden Threat To Global Environment And
Health’, International Journal Of Computer Science And Information Technology, Vol 2, No3,2012, pp271-
275
• Sivakumaran Sivaramanan (2013), ‘E-Waste Management , Disposal And its impact on the Environment’,
Universal Journal Of Environmental Research And Technology, Vol 3, Issue,pp 531-537.
• Saidan M, Brown B and Valix M (2012): ‘Leaching of Electronic Waste Using Biometabolised Acids’,
Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering, Vol.120,No.3,March 2012, pp. 530-534.
• Cui Jirang and Zhang Lifeng(2008): ‘Metallurgical recovery of metals from electronic waste: A review’,
Journal of Hazardous Materials,Vol.158,No.4,May 2008,pp. 228–256.
• Pant Deepak, Joshi Deepika, K. Upreti Manoj , K. Kotnala Ravindra ,(2012): ‘Chemical and biological
extraction of metals present in E waste’, Journal of waste management’, Vol.100,No,32, June 2012, pp.
979–990.
• Brandl H, Bosshard R. and Wegmann M ( 2001): ‘Computer-munching microbes: metal leaching from
electronic scrap by bacteria and fungi’, Journal of Hydrometallurgy,Vol. 59,No.5,March 2001,pp.319–326.
• H.Robinson Brett(2009): ‘E-waste: An assessment of global production and environmental impacts
’,Journal of Science of the Total Environment, Vol. 408,No.4,Octobrer 2009,pp.183–191.

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 GET RID OF YOUR E-WASTE

THANK YOU………………
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