Bab 3.

THE CULTURAL CONTEXT FOR

INTERNATIONAL MANAGEMENT

Tujuan Bahasan
1. Mendefinisikan Budaya.
2. Menjelaskan bagaimana persepsi dan stereotipi
berpengaruh terhadap perilaku dalam lingkungan
internasional.
3. Menggambarkan konsep nilai-nilai budaya dan
menghubungkannya dengan berbagai perbedaan,
persamaan dan perubahan internasional yang terjadi
baik dalam nilai-nilai manajerial maupun kerja.
4. Mengidentifikasi dimensi utama budaya yang relevan
dengan pekerjaan dan pengaruhnya terhadap
lingkungan internasional.
5. Membahas analisis nilai negara kelompok dalam
membangun praktek manajemen internasional.
 DEFINISI BUDAYA
Culture is acquired knowledge that people use to interpret
experience and to generate social behavior.
(Hodget and Luthan, 1994,59).
Culture is a pattern of basic assumption-invented, discovered or
developed by a given group as it learns to cope with its
problems
of external adaptation and internal integration that has work well
enough to be concidered valid and therefore to be taugh to new
member as correct way to percieve, think and feel in relation
to those problems. (Schein, 1992, )

Tingkatan Budaya (Schein) :

1. Artifact
2. Values
3. Basic underlying Assumptions
KARAKTERISTIK BUDAYA

1. LEARNED
2. SHARED
3. TRANSGENERATIONAL
4. SYMBOLIC
5. PATTERNED
6. ADAPTIVE

PERBEDAAN BUDAYA
Budaya dapat mempengaruhi :
1. Transfer Teknologi
2. Managerial Attitude
3. Managerial ideology
4. Hubungan bisnis pemerintahan
5. Cara manusia berpikir dan
berperilaku
Budaya mempengaruhi manajemen internasional dan tercermin
Pada kepercayaan dasar dan perilaku – perilaku manusia.
Terdapat beberapa contoh khusus dimana budaya masyarakat
secara langsung mempengaruhi pendekatan manajemen,
antara lain :

 centralized vs decentralized
 safety vs risk
 individual reward vs group reward
 informal vs formal procedurs
 high vs low organizational loyalty
 coorporation vs competition
 short term vs long term horizon
 stability vs innovation
 DEFINISI PERSEPSI DAN STEREOTIPI

A perception is a person’s interpretation of reality and people

in different culture often have different
perception of the same event.

A stereotype is the tendency to perceive another person as

belonging to a single class or category.

Values are basic convictions that people have regarding

what is right and wrong, good and bad,
important or unimportant.
DIMENSI-DIMENSI BUDAYA

Geerrt Hofstede (peneliti Belanda) menemukan ada 4 dimensi

budaya yang membantu menjelaskan bagaimana dan
mengapa orang-orang dari berbagai budaya
berperilaku sebagaimana yang mereka kerjakan.

4 Dimensi budaya tersebut adalah :

1. Power Distance
2. Uncertainty Avoidance
3. Individuality VS Collectivity
4. Masculinity VS Femininity
POWER DISTANCE is the extent to which less powerful
members of institutions and organizations
accept that power is distributed unequally.

UNCERTAINTY AVOIDANCE is the extent to which people feel

threatened by ambiguous situation and have
created belief and institutions that try to
avoid these.

INDIVIDUALISM is the tendency of people to look after

themselves and their immediate family only.

Collectivism is the tendency of people to belong to groups or

collectives and to look after each other in
exchange for loyalty.
MASCULINITY is defined by Hosted as a situation in which
the dominant values in society are
success, money, and things.

Femininity is the term used by Hosted to describe

a situation in which the dominant values
in society are caring for others and
quality of life.
 Comparison of Low Power Distance and High Power Distance Country
Low Power Distance Country
Inequalities among people are minimize
There should be, and is interdepence
Between less and more powerrful people
Parent theat children as equals
Student treat teacher as equals
Decentralization is popular
More educated people hold less authoritarian
values than less eeducated people
Hierarchy in organization means in equality of
roles, but the hierarchy is establised mostly
for purposes of convinience
There is a nerrow salary gap between those
at the top of the organization and those at the
bottom
The ideal boss is resourcefull democrat
Privilages and symbols of status are frown on
High Power Distance Country
Inequalities among people are
expected and disired.
Less powerful people should be dependent on more
Powerful people
Parent teach children to be obidient.
Student treat teacher with respect.
Centralization is populer.
Both more and eeducated people show
almost equally authoritarian values.
Hierarchy in organization reflects the
existential inequally between those at
the top of organizations and those lower
down.
There is a wide salary gap between those at
the top of organization and those at the
The ideal boss in abenevolent autocrat
Privileges and symbols of status are both
expected and popular
Partial Comparison of Low Uncertainty Avoidance countries
And High Uncertainty Avoidance Countries
Low Uncertainty Avoidance
There few laws and rules and they are fairly
General.
People believe that if the rules cannot be
respected, they should be changed.
Protest by citizens are acceptable.
People are positive in their view of social
institution.
There is a positive attitude toward young
people.
Society is characterized by tolerance
andmoderation
There is a belief in generalist and common
sense.
People believe that one group’s belief
shouldnot be imposed on another.
There is religious, political and
ideologicaltolerance.
In philosophy and science, there is a tendency
toward relativism and empiricism.
High Uncertainty Avoidance
There are many laws and rule and they
are very specific.
People believe that if the rules cannot be
respected, they, themselves are sinners and
should repent.
Protest by citizens are unacceptable and should
be repressed.
People are negative in their view of social
institutions.
There is a negative attitude toward young people.
Society is charactherized by extremism and low-
and-order concerns.
There is a belief in specialist and experts.
Peole believe there is only one Truth and they
have it.
There is religious, political and ideological
intolerance.
In philoshophy and science, there is a tendency
toward grand theories.
 Partial Comparison of Low Individualism countries
And High Individualism Countries
Low Individualism
People are born into families which continue
to protect them In exchange for loyalty.
People’s indentities are based on the social
network to which they belong to.
Children are taught to think in term of “we”.
Harmony should always be maintenance and
Direct confrontation should always be avoided.
The purpose of education is to learn how to do
things.
Education diplomas provide an entry to higher
Status group.
The relationship between an employer and
employee is viewed like a family link.
Relationship prevail over task.
High Individualism
As people grow older, they are
expected to look after themselves
their immediate family only.
Identity is based on the individual.
children are taught to think in term
of “I”.
Speaking one’s mind is the sign of
an honest person.
The purpose of education is to learn
how to learn.
Diplomas increase the economic worth
And self-respect of individuals.
The relationship between an employer
and employee is a contract based on
mutual advantage.
Task take precedence over
relationship.
 Country cluster

Berdasarkan analisis integratif terhadap penemuan yang dilakukan

Ronen dan Shenkar, menemukan bahwa ada delapan kelompok
Besar berkaitan dengan studi selama 15 tahun. Namun studi tersebut
Membahas menjadi empat kategori saja sebagai berikut :

1. The importance of work goals

2. Need deficiency,fulfillment and job satisfaction
3. Managerial and organizational variables, and
4. Work role and interpersonal orientation.