INTERMOLECULAR FORCES

• named after a Dutch Chemist Johannes van der Waal

(1837-1923)
• is also known as van der Waals forces

Submitted by: Maria Alexandra E. Pallasigue – 11 STEM AM 1

 INTERMOLECULAR FORCES
 are the forces that hold molecules together
because gaseous substances condense to form
liquids which in turn, form solids

 are fundamentally electrical in nature; that is,

they result from the attraction between centers of
opposite charge in two molecules close to each
other
 TYPES OF MOLECULAR FORCES
 Dipole-dipole Forces
 Ion-dipole Forces
 Hydrogen Bonding
 London Dispersion Process
 Ion-ion Forces
 LONDON DISPERSION FORCES
 Simply dispersion forces

 Weak attractions that are used to explain attraction between nonpolar

molecules

 This force is sometimes called an induced dipole-induced dipole

attraction. London forces are the attractive forces that cause nonpolar
substances to condense to liquids and to freeze into solids when the
temperature is lowered sufficiently.

 An example of London dispersion force is the interaction between two

methyl (-CH3) groups.

 the interaction between nitrogen gas (N2) and oxygen gas (O2)
molecules. The electrons of the atoms are not only attracted to their
own atomic nucleus, but also to the protons in the nucleus of the other
atoms.
 DIPOLE-DIPOLE FORCES
 These forces occur when the partially positively charged part of
a molecule interacts with the partially negatively charged part of
the neighboring molecule.

 are the strongest intermolecular force of attraction

An example of dipole-dipole interaction is the interaction

between two sulfur dioxide (SO2) molecules, where the sulfur
atom of one molecule is attracted to the oxygen atoms of the
other molecule.

Hydrogen bonding is considered a specific example of a dipole-

dipole interaction always involving hydrogen. A hydrogen atom of
one molecule is attracted to an electronegative atom of another
molecule, such as an oxygen atom in water.
 ION-DIPOLE FORCES
 These forces exist when polar molecules are attracted to
ions

 The positive pole is attracted to a negative ion or vice

versa

 It is an attractive force that is commonly found in

solutions, especially ionic compounds dissolved in polar
liquids.

 sodium chloride crystal is placed in water, the polar ends

of the water molecules exert attractive forces on the
surface ions of the crystal
HYDROGEN BOND/HYDROGEN BRIDGE
 This is a special kind of dipole-dipole interaction that occurs
specifically between a hydrogen atom bonded to either an oxygen,
nitrogen, or fluorine atom.
 is a weak bond formed when a hydrogen with partial positive
charge is close to an atom in a molecule with lone pairs of electrons
or with excess electronic charge

 chloroform (CHCl3): Hydrogen bonding occurs between hydrogen

of one molecule and carbon of another molecule.
 acetylacetone (C5H8O2): Intramolecular hydrogen bonding occurs
between hydrogen and oxygen.
 nylon: Hydrogen bonds are found between the repeating units of
the polymer.
 SOLUTIONS

• A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more

substances . A solution may exist in any phase.
• It is very stable. The particles of solute present in a
solution do not separate out on keeping.
 COMPONENTS OF SOLUTION
 Solvent: it dissolves the other component in
itself is called solvent. A solvent constitutes the
larger component of the solution.
 Solute: it dissolves in the solvent. The solute is
the smaller component of the solution.
FACTORS AFFECTING SOLUBILITY
 Temperature
- With solids, generally the solubility increases with
increasing temperature. With gases, the solubility
tends to decrease with increasing temperature.
 Pressure
- Henry’s law states that, at a given temperature, the
solubility of a gas in a liquid is proportional to the
partial pressure of the gas above the liquid
 Surface Area
- Increasing the surface area increases the rate of
solubility of a solid because a larger number of
molecules have contact with the solvent.
 FACTORS THAT AFFECT THE RATE
OF DISSOLUTION
 Size of the particles - When a solute dissolves, the action
takes place only at the surface of each particle. When the total
surface area of the solute particles is increased, the solute
dissolves more rapidly.
 Stirring - With liquid and solid solutes, stirring brings fresh
portions of the solvent in contact with the solute. Stirring,
therefore, allows the solute to dissolve faster
 Amount of solute already dissolved – When you have very
little solute in the solution, dissolving takes place quickly. When
you have a lot of solute in the solution, dissolving takes place
more slowly.
 Temperature - For liquids and solid solutes, increasing the
temperature not only increases the amount of solute that will
dissolve but also increases the rate at which the solute will
dissolve. For gases, the reverse is true. An increase in
temperature decreases both solubility and rate of solution.
 CONCENTRATED AND DILUTED
SOLUTION
 Dilute solution: When small amount of solute is
dissolved in a relatively large quantity of solvent

 Concentrated solution: When amount of solute

dissolved is relatively large as compared to the
quantity of solvent
 ZEROTH LAW OF
THERMODYNAMICS
• It states that if two bodies are each in thermal equilibrium with some
third body, then they are also in equilibrium with each other.
• Thermal equilibrium means that when two bodies are brought into
contact with each other and separated by a barrier that is permeable to
heat, there will be no transfer of heat from one to the other.
•This says in essence that the three bodies are all the same temperature.
 FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
 The law of conservation energy

 States that “energy cannot be created nor

destroyed but can simply be converted to other
forms of energy.”
 ENTHALPY
 Is the total heat absorbed in a process at
constant pressure
 It is the sum of the internal energy of the system
and the product of pressure and volume

H = U + PV
 ENTROPY
 Refers to the number of ways the energy of the
system can be dispersed through the motions of
its particles
SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
 It is about the quality of energy.

 It states that ”all naturally occurring processes

occur spontaneously toward the direction of
the process that increases entropy of the
universe”

 The Second Law also states that there is a

natural tendency of any isolated system to
degenerate into a more disordered state.
 ENDOTHERMIC AND EXOTHERMIC
 An endothermic reaction takes place when energy is
absorbed from surroundings in the form of heat, and
exothermic is when energy is released from the
system into the surroundings.

 Both terms are mostly used in science and chemistry,

but there are everyday examples as well.

 The reaction occurs when two or more molecules

interact with each other, and something happens or is
produced. Endothermic absorbs heat, and exothermic
produces heat.
THE END.