BENJAMIN FRANKLIN’S EXPERIMENT

THE ORIGIN OF ELECTRICITY

AMBER AND
LODESTONE
ELECTRIC CHARGE
 CHARGE

• there are two kinds of charge, positive and negative

• like charges repel, unlike charges attract
• positive charge comes from having more protons than
electrons; negative charge comes from having more electrons
than protons
 •The unit of charge is C
•Charge on one Electron = -1.6x10^-19 C
•Charge on one Proton = 1.6x10^-19 C
•No. of Electrons= No. of Protons
•Equal Number of + charges will CANCEL
OUT equal number of – charges
•Overall the atom is electrically Neutral
CALCULATE THE FORCE OF ATTRACTION
BETWEEN THE LONE ELECTRON AND
PROTON IN A HYDROGEN ATOM. THE
AVERAGE DISTANCE BETWEEN THEM IS
5.0X𝟏𝟎 𝒎
−𝟏𝟏
 FORCE OF ATTRACTION

• Force is greater for electrons closest to the nucleus

• Force is less for electrons that are distant from the nucleus
(loosely held electrons/valence electrons/ free electrons)
• Therefore: Electrostatic force depends on distance.
COULOMB’S LAW VERSUS
NEWTON’S LAW OF
UNIVERSAL GRAVITATION
 SIR ISAAC NEWTON,
• Born December 25, 1642, in Woolsthorpe, Lincolnshire, England—died March 20
• English physicist and mathematician, who was the culminating figure of the
scientific revolution of the 17th century.
• In optics, his discovery of the composition of white light integrated the
phenomena of colours into the science of light and laid the foundation for modern
physical optics.
• In mechanics, his three laws of motion, the basic principles of modern physics,
resulted in the formulation of the law of universal gravitation. In mathematics, he
was the original discoverer of the infinitesimal calculus.
• The electric force and the gravitational
force are two fundamental forces of nature.
• Newton’s law gives the gravitational force,
while coulomb’s law gives the electric
force.
“Every particle attracts every other particle in
the universe with a force which is directly
proportional to the product of their masses and
inversely proportional to the square of the
distance between their centers.”
Solve for the gravitational force
between Earth and the Moon
• The magnitude of the force on each object
is the same but it’s in the opposite
direction.
• The force acts on the line between two
objects.
NEWTON’S LAW ON GRAVITATIONAL FORCE

𝑚1 𝑚2
F= G 2
𝑑
 GIVEN:

𝑀𝐸 = 5.97x10^24 kg
𝟐𝟐
𝑀𝑀 = 𝟕. 𝟑𝟓𝐱𝟏𝟎 𝐤𝐠
d= 384,400 km
−𝟏𝟏
G= 6.67x𝟏𝟎 N 𝟐
𝒎 /𝒌𝒈𝟐
 Calculate the force of attraction between
two metal spheres each with a mass of
90kg, if the distance between their centers
is 40 cm.
A sphere of mass 100 kg is attracted by
another spherical mass of 11.75 kg by a
force of 19.6x10−7 N when the distance
between their centers is 0.2m. Find G.
WHAT IF THERE ARE MORE THAN TWO
CHARGES?
SUPERPOSITION PRINCIPLE
 “The total electric force a particular charge
experiences due to a number of other charges is
the vector sum of all individual forces. Each of
these charges will exert a force on the charge as
if no other charges were present.”
Three point charges are arranged as shown.

q1 0.6 m q2 0.3 m q3
Q1= -16µC
Q2 = 6µC
Q3 = -8µC
Determine the net force on q3 from q1
And the net force on q3 from q2
Find the resultant force
Three point charges are arranged as shown.

q2 0.50m q1 0.30 m q3

Q1= 4.0x10−9 C
Q2 = 5.0x10−9 C
Q3 = -6.0x10−9 C
Find the net force on q1 due to q2 and q3
Find the resultant force