Harvard Referencing: DR Eman Alshawish

Harvard
Referencing
Dr Eman Alshawish
Contents
• Present citation in the main text
• How to produce a reference for:
1.Books,
2.Edited books,
3.Secondary sources,
4.Journals and
5.Internet sources
The Harvard system
Two key things to remember:
• The author’s surname and date of publication
• A full (alphabetical) list of references and/or a

bibliography at the end of your essay.
3
Here is an example of what it looks like in your essay:
Recent research suggests that children learn these
skills independently (Jones, 2011). However, it is
arguable that the role of the parent is still a highly
influential factor (Brian, 2012).
And at the end…
Brian, S. (2012) ‘Learning and the role of the

parent.’ Journal of Child Growth 25(7) pp.105-125
Jones, B. (2011) Child Development. London: Harper

Collins
Incorporating the reference into
you essay
• You do not need to repeat the author in your
reference if you have named them in your
sentence.
• Include the page number for a direct quote.
• You can vary how you include your references

as long as all the information is there
5
• Bloggs (2011) argues that it is important for
students to leave university with employment
skills as well as a formal qualification.
• It is important for students to leave university

with employment skills as well as a formal
qualification (Bloggs, 2011).
• Bloggs (2010: 11) argues that students should

gain ‘key transferable skills at university as well as
an academic degree’.
Main body of the assignment – In text citations
Many have argued that learners should identify their sensory preference and receive information in this manner when
they are being taught because their learning will be enhanced (Franklin, 2006; Learn Activity, 2002; Montgomery, 2000;
Sharpe et al., 2008). However, this idea has been criticised by Kratzig and Arbuthnott (2006: 241) who found that
‘…there were no significant correlations between learning style and objective memory performance…’, which highlights
that when information is presented according to an individual’s sensory preference, their recall of the information is not
significantly better than those who were exposed to the same material in the same way, but are classified as having a
difference sensory preference. They also found that learners used a number of different modalities when attempting to
learn information. This seems to indicate that both the nature of the information, and the environment in which the
information is presented, play a role in determining the way in which information is memorised. It has also been
suggested by Villiers Park Educational Trust (no date) and Clark (2000) that most people learn by using a mixture of the
styles. Therefore, offering a multi sensory teaching session would cater for those who learn by one sense and also those
who learn by multiple senses.
Pavlov (1849-1936 cited in Gray et al., 2000) believed the role of the teacher is important because they are able to
control the learning environment. This idea coincides with VAK because the teacher is responsible and able to control
the presentation of information in a class. Although behaviourist and VAK theorists argue that a teacher led
environment is effective at teaching information, Maclellan (2005) argues that in this teacher led environment, learners
have very little input and are not required to use any higher level processing skills that they might use in a situation
where they are involved in directing the taught material.
If it is always the teachers who determines what is to be taught, and defines and plans how the
teaching is to take place, then perhaps it is not surprising that students’ higher order capabilities are
never required, are never facilitated and do not develop (Maclellan, 2005: 137)
This finding has been found by Giles et al. (2006) and Huxham (2005) where tests revealed that students learned more
in student centred sessions than in typical lecture settings. However, and more interestingly, both the aforementioned
studies and a study by Sadler-Smith and Riding (1999) recorded that students’ favoured teacher led classes as opposed
to student led sessions, because students felt they learned more in teacher led classes. Therefore, a teacher led class is a
suitable method of teaching certain academic skills, particular when the answer is concrete and fixed.
Reference list
Clark, D. (2000)sensory
difference Learning styles. NW Link.They
preference. [Online] [Accessed
also found on 25 February
that learners2008]
usedhttp://www.nwlink.com/~Donclark/hrd/learning/styles.html
a number of different modalities when attempting to
Franklin, S. (2006) ‘VAKing out learning styles – why the notion of ‘learning styles’ is unhelpful to teachers.’ Education, 34(1) pp. 81-81
suggested
Giles, byBelliveau,
J., Ryan, D., Villiers Park
G., DeEducational
Freitas, E. and Trust
Casey, (no date)
R. (2006) and Clark
‘Teaching style(2000) thatinmost
and learning people classroom.’
a quantitative learn by using a mixture
Active Learning of the
in Higher
styles. Therefore,
Education, offering a multi sensory teaching session would cater for those who learn by one sense and also those
7(3) pp. 213-225
Gray, D., Griffin, C. and Nasta, T. (2000) Training to teach in further and adult education. Cheltenham: Stanley Thornes (Publishers) Ltd.
PavlovM.(1849-1936
Huxman, cited
(2005) ‘Learning in Graydoet
in lectures: al., 2000)
‘interactive believed
windows’ help?’the role
Active of thein Higher
Learning teacher is important
Education, because
6(1) pp. 17- 31 they are able to
Kratzig, G. and Arbuthnott,
the presentation ofD.information
(2006) ‘Perceptualin learning
a class. style and learning
Although proficiency: a test
behaviourist andof aVAK
hypothesis.’ Journal
theorists of Educational
argue that a Psychology,
teacher 98(1)
led
pp. 238-246
have
Learn very(2002)
Activity little Learning
input and are
styles. not required
[Online] [Accessed onto14use any higher
February level processing skills that they might use in a situation
2008] http://www.learnativity.com/learningstyles.html
Maclellan, E. (2005)If ‘Conceptual
it is always the the
learning: teachers who
priority for determines
higher whatJournal
education.’ British is toof be taught,Studies,
Educational and 53(2)
defines and plans how the
pp. 129-147
Montgomery, N. (2000) ‘Educating secondary teachers to work with students’ diverse needs’ In Dunn, R. and Griggs, S. (eds.) Practical approaches to
using learning styles in higher education. Westport: Bergin & Garvey, pp. 42-53
in studentE.centred
Sadler-Smith, and Riding, sessions
R. (1999)than in typical
‘Cognitive style andlecture settings.
instructional However,
preferences.’ and more
Instructional interestingly,
Science, both the aforementioned
27(5) pp. 355-371
Sharp, J., Bowker, R. and Byrne, J. (2008) ‘VAK or VAK-uous? Towards the trivialisation of learning and the death of scholarship.’ Research Papers in
Education, 23(3) pp. 293-314
Villiers Park Educational Trust (no date) Resource: Visual, Auditory and Kinesthetic (VAK) learning styles. [Online] [Accessed on 25 February 2008]
http://www.villierspark.org.uk/vpresource.php?r=5VEKHGAPAA&rc=KVEK2YD1AB
Citation
difference sensory preference. They also found that learners used a number of different for summarised/
modalities when attempting to
learn information. This seems to indicate that both the nature of the information, paraphrased information:
and the environment in which the
information is presented, play a role in determining the way in which information is memorised.
author’s nameItand has year
also been
styles. Therefore, offering a multi sensory teaching session would cater for those who learnof
bypublication
one sense and also those
Sharpe et al., 2008). However, Citation
this ideafor
hasabeen
quote:criticised by Kratzig and Arbuthnott (2006: 241) who found that
author’sbetween
‘…there were no significant correlations name,learning
year style and objective memory performance…’, which highlights
of publication and
difference sensory preference. They page number
also found Citation
that learners used a number of different for summarised/
modalities when attempting to
learn information. This seems to indicate that both the nature of the information, paraphrased information:
and the environment in which the
information is presented, play a role in determining the way in which information is memorised.
author’s nameItand has year
also been
styles. Therefore, offering a multi sensory teaching session would cater for those who learnofbypublication
one sense and also those
Pavlov (1849-1936 cited in Gray et al., 2000) believed the role of the teacher is important because
Citation for athey are able to
quote:
the presentation of information in a class. Although behaviourist and VAK theorists author’s
argue name,
that a year
teacher led
of publication
environment is effective at teaching information, Maclellan (2005) argues that in this teacher andlearners
led environment,
have very little input and are not required to use any higher level processing skills that they
page might use in a situation
number
Short quotes – less than 20 words
Need quotation marks
Many have argued
around that learners should identify their sensory preference and receive
the quote
information in this manner when they are being taught because their learning will be
enhanced (Franklin, 2006; Learn Activity, 2002; Montgomery, 2000; Sharpe et al., 2008).
However, this idea has been criticised by Kratzig and Arbuthnott (2006: 241) who found
that ‘…there were no significant correlations between learning style and objective
memory performance…’, which highlights that when information is presented according
to an individual’s sensory preference, their recall of the information is not significantly
better than those who were exposed to the same material in the same way, but are
classified as having a difference sensory preference. They also found that learners used a
number of different modalities when attempting
Sentence to learn information. This seems to
should make
indicate that both the nature of the information,
grammatical senseand the environment in which the
information is presented, play a role in determining the way in which information is
memorised. It has also been suggested by Villiers Park Educational Trust (no date) and
Clark (2000) that most people learn by using a mixture of the styles. Therefore, offering a
multi sensory teaching session would cater for those who learn by one sense and also
those who learn by multiple senses.
Long quotes – more than 21 words
Present
they the information
are able onlearning
to control the a environment. This idea coincides with VAK because the
new line
teacher and indent and
is responsible the text.
able to control the presentation of information in a class. Although
Don’t include
behaviourist and VAKquotation
theorists argue that a teacher led environment is effective at teaching
information, Maclellan
marks around the(2005)
text argues that in this teacher led environment, learners have very little
input and are not required to use any higher level processing skills that they might use in a
situation where they are involved in directing the taught material.
If it is always the teachers who determines what is to be taught, and defines and plans
how the teaching is to take place, then perhaps it is not surprising that students’ higher
order capabilities are never required, are never facilitated and do not develop
(Maclellan, 2005: 137)
This finding has been found by Giles et al. (2006) and Huxham (2005) where tests revealed that
students learned more in student centred sessions than in typical lecture settings. However, and
more interestingly, both the aforementioned studies and a study by Sadler-Smith and Riding
(1999) recorded that students’ favoured teacher led classes as opposed to student led sessions,
because students felt they learned more in teacher led classes. Therefore, a teacher led class is a
suitable method of teaching certain academic skills, particular when the answer is concrete and
fixed.
Use the term ‘et al.’ if
there
Pavlov (1849-1936 are
cited in 3 or et
Gray more
al., 2000) believed the role of the teacher is important because they are able to
authors This idea coincides with VAK because the teacher is responsible and able to control
control the learning environment.
Many have argued that learners should identify their sensory preference and receive information Don’t usein thisthe termwhen
manner
they are being taught because their learning will be enhanced (Franklin, 2006; Learn Activity, 2002; Montgomery,
‘et al.’ in your 2000;
‘…there were no significant correlations between learning style and objective memory performance…’,reference listhighlights
which –
that when information is presented according to an individual’s sensory preference, their recall nameof theall authorsis not
information
Sharp, J.,sensory
difference Bowker,preference.
R. and Byrne,
TheyJ. (2008) ‘VAKthat
also found or VAK-uous? Towards
learners used a number of different modalities when attempting to
the trivialisation
learn information. of learning
This seems and the death
to indicate thatofboth
scholarship.’ Research
the nature of the information, and the environment in which the
Papers in Education,
information 23(3)
is presented, pp.a293-314
play role in determining the way in which information is memorised. It has also been
theGiles,
presentation
J., Ryan, D.,of Belliveau,
information
G., in
De aFreitas,
class. E.Although behaviourist
and Casey, R. (2006) and VAK theorists argue that a teacher led
environment is effective
‘Teaching style at teaching
and learning in a information,
quantitative Maclellan (2005)
classroom.’ Activeargues that in this teacher led environment, learners
have very little
Learning input and
in Higher are not7(3)
Education, required to use any higher level processing skills that they might use in a situation
pp. 213-225
Reference List
(List of sources at the end of your assignment)
ALPHABETICAL ORDER
You can use ‘et al.’ in the main text but ALL
AUTHORS need to be mentioned in the
reference list
Referencing books
Surname, Initial. (Year of publication) Title of

book. Edition if applicable., Place of
publication: Publisher.
Example:
Cottrell, S. (2003) The study skills handbook.
2nd ed., Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Citation (Books)
Holdaway (1979) argued that learning

should be enjoyable, but this is rarely the
case.
OR
It can be argued that learning should be
enjoyable, but this is rarely the case
(Holdaway, 1979).
Citing an edited book
Mention
Main thethe
body of surname of – In text citations
assignment
the person whose idea
you’rehave
Many using, whichthat
argued is also
learners should identify their sensory preference and receive
the name in
information of the
this person
manner when they are being taught because their learning will be
who wrote
enhanced the chapter
(Franklin, 2006; Learn Activity, 2002; Montgomery, 2000; Sharpe et al., 2008).
memory performance…’, which highlights Author whothatwrote
whenthe Year of
information is presented according
to an individual’s sensory preference, their and
chapter recall publication
of the information
whose is not of
significantly
better than those who were exposed ideatois the same material in thethe
mentioned bookway, but are
same
number of different modalities when attempting to learn information. This seems to
indicate that both the nature of the information, and the environment in which the
information is presented, play a role in determining the way in which information is
memorised. It has also been suggested by Villiers Park Educational Trust (no date) and
Clark (2000) that most people learn by using a mixture of the styles. Therefore, offering a
Referencing edited books
Many have argued that learners should identify their sensory preference and receive
information in this manner when they are being taught because their learning will be
enhanced (Franklin, 2006; Learn Activity, 2002; Montgomery, 2000; Sharpe et al., 2008).
memory performance…’, which highlights that when
Start information
the reference is presented
with the according
to an individual’s sensory preference, theirauthor
recall who
of the information
wrote the chapteris not significantly
better than those who were exposed to the same material in the same way, but are
number of different modalities when attempting to learn information. This seems to
indicate that bothe.g.
the nature of the
Montgomery, information,
N. (2000) andsecondary
‘Educating the environment in work
teachers to which the
information is presented, play diverse
with students’ a role in determining
needs’ In Dunn,the wayGriggs,
R. and in which information is
S. (eds.)
memorised. It hasPractical
also been suggested
approaches to by Villiers
using Parkstyles
learning Educational
in higherTrust (no date) and
education.
Clark (2000) that most people
Westport: learn&by
Bergin using pp.
Garvey, a mixture
42-53 of the styles. Therefore, offering a
Referencing an edited book
Surname of the author who wrote the chapter, Initial. (Year

of publication) ‘Title of the chapter.’ In Surname of the
editor/s, Initial. (ed/s.) Title of book. Edition if applicable.
Place of publication: Publisher, page numbers of chapter
Example:
Montgomery, N. (2000) ‘Educating secondary teachers
to work with students’ diverse needs’ In Dunn, R. and
Griggs, S. (eds.) Practical approaches to using learning
styles in higher education. Westport: Bergin & Garvey,
pp. 42-53
Citation (Edited book)
Death does not always target the old; death

can occur without any warning and is not
always the result of organ failure (Seale, 1995).
OR
Seale (1995) argues that death does not always
target the old; death can occur without any
warning and is not always the result of organ
failure.
Citing secondary sources
they are able to control the learning environment. This idea coincides with VAK because the
teacher is responsible and able to control the presentation of information in a class. Although
behaviourist and VAK theorists argue that aAuthor teacherwho
led wrote the
environment is effective at teaching
information, Maclellan (2005) argues that in this book/journal etc.
teacher led environment, learners have very little
Secondary author whose
input and are not required to use any higher level processing skills that they might use in a
idea you’re
situation where theyusingare involved in directing the taught material.
more interestingly, both the aforementioned studies and a study by Sadler-Smith and Riding
fixed.
Referencing secondary sources
they are able to control the learning environment. This idea coincides with VAK because the
teacher is responsible and able to control the presentation of information in a class. Although
behaviourist and VAK theorists argue that a teacher led environment is effective at teaching
information, Maclellan (2005) argues that in this teacher led environment, learners have very little
Justand
input reference
are notthe source’s
required to (book/journal/internet etc.)
use any higher level processing skills that they might use in a
situation where
author and they
NOT arethe
involved
authorin whose
directing theyou
idea taught material.
cited
e.g. Gray, D., Griffin, C. and Nasta, T. (2000) Training to
teach in further and adult education. Cheltenham:
Stanley Thornes
more interestingly, (Publishers)
both the Ltd. studies and a study by Sadler-Smith and Riding
aforementioned
fixed.
Citation (Secondary source)
Language can be used to make sense of the

information around us (Vygotsky 1962 cited in
Holdaway, 1979).
OR
Vygotsyky (1962 cited in Holdaway, 1979)
believed that language can be used to make sense
of the information around us.
Referencing journals
Surname, Initial. (Year of publication) ‘Title of

journal article.’ Title of journal, Volume number,
(Issue number) Page numbers of whole journal
article
Example:
Huxman, M. (2005) ‘Learning in lectures: do
‘interactive windows’ help?’ Active Learning in
Higher Education, 6(1) pp. 17- 31
Referencing WebPages – Author
Surname, Initial. (Year of publication) Title of page.

Name of organisation. [Online] [Date accessed] URL
Example:
Carroll, J. (2001) What kinds of solutions can we find for
plagiarism? The Higher Educational Academy. [Online]
[Accessed on 10 June 2008]
http://www.heacademy.ac.uk/resources/detail/id424_so
lutions_for_plagiarism
Referencing WebPages – Organisation
Name of organisation. (Year of publication) Title of page.

[Online] [Date accessed] URL
Example:
Age Concern. (2006) Calculating dementia. [Online]
[Accessed on 4 October 2006]
http://www.ageconcern.org.uk/AgeConcern/news_5.asp
Referencing PDF documents
Surname, Initial. or organisation’s name. (Year of publication)
Title. Edition if applicable. Place of publication if available:
Publisher if ascertainable. [Online] [Date accessed] Available
from: URL
Example:
Department of Health - Health Improvement Directorate,
Analytical Team Monitoring Unit. (2009) Health profile of
England 2008. London: Department of Health. [Online]
[Accessed on 9 February 2009] Available from:
http://www.dh.gov.uk/en/Publicationsandstatistics/Publicatio
ns/PublicationsStatistics/DH_093465
Exercise
Reference both web pages. Remember the
examples:
•Surname, Initial. (Year of publication) Title of page. Name

of organisation. [Online] [Date accessed] URL
OR
•Name of organisation. (Year of publication) Title of page.

[Online] [Date accessed] URL
Answer – Reference (WebPages –
Author)
Answer – Reference (WebPages –
Author)
Dailey, K. (2012) Fareed Zakaria and the plagiarism

debate. BBC News Magazine. [Online] [Accessed on
10 September 2012]
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-19249057
Citation of WebPages – Author
Dailey (2012) points out that the growth of the

internet means it is hard for regulators to
accurately determine the prevalence of plagiarism.
OR
It is arguable that the growth of the internet

means it is hard for regulators to accurately
determine the prevalence of plagiarism (Dailey,
2012).
Answer – Reference of WebPages –
Organisation
Answer – Reference of WebPages –
Organisation
National Autistic Society. (2012) Prevent abuse of

adults with autism in care homes. [Online]
[Accessed on 6 September 2012]
http://www.autism.org.uk/news-and-
events/news-archive/7-july/prevent-abuse-of-
adults-with-autism-in-care-homes.aspx
Citation of WebPages – Organisation
The National Autistic Society (2012) have expressed

concern over current recommendations for care home
provision following several high-profile cases of abuse.
OR
Several high profile cases of abuse have led to concern

over current recommendations for care home provision
following several high-profile cases of abuse (National
Autistic Society, 2012).
ANY QUESTIONS?
Contact
Dr Eman Alshawish-jayyose
E-mail: alshawish@najah.edu
Telephone: 2583

Harvard Referencing: DR Eman Alshawish

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Harvard

• How to produce a reference for:

• The author’s surname and date of publication

• A full (alphabetical) list of references and/or a

And at the end…

Brian, S. (2012) ‘Learning and the role of the

Jones, B. (2011) Child Development. London: Harper

• Include the page number for a direct quote.

• You can vary how you include your references

• It is important for students to leave university

• Bloggs (2010: 11) argues that students should

Surname, Initial. (Year of publication) Title of

Holdaway (1979) argued that learning

Surname of the author who wrote the chapter, Initial. (Year

Death does not always target the old; death

Language can be used to make sense of the

Surname, Initial. (Year of publication) ‘Title of

Surname, Initial. (Year of publication) Title of page.

Name of organisation. (Year of publication) Title of page.

•Surname, Initial. (Year of publication) Title of page. Name

•Name of organisation. (Year of publication) Title of page.

Dailey, K. (2012) Fareed Zakaria and the plagiarism

Dailey (2012) points out that the growth of the

It is arguable that the growth of the internet

National Autistic Society. (2012) Prevent abuse of

The National Autistic Society (2012) have expressed

Several high profile cases of abuse have led to concern

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