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Absorption Costing
Used for external financial
reporting
Includes direct materials, direct
labor, variable factory overhead,
and fixed factory overhead as
part of total product cost
Two Costing Methods
Variable Costing
Used for internal planning
and decision making
Does not include fixed factory
overhead as a product cost
Absorption Costing Compared to
Variable Costing
Absorption Costing
Cost of Goods Manufactured
Variable Costing
Units Manufactured Equal Units Sold
Variable Costing Income Statement
Sales (15,000 x $50) $750,000
Variable cost of goods sold:
Variable cost of goods mfg.
(15,000 x $25) $375,000
Less ending inventory 0
Variable cost of goods sold 375,000
Manufacturing margin $375,000
Variable selling and administrative
expenses (15,000 x $5) 75,000
Contribution margin $300,000
Fixed costs:
Fixed manufacturing costs $150,000
Fixed selling and administrative
expenses 50,000 200,000
Income from operations $100,000
Units Manufactured Equal Units Sold
Absorption Costing Income Statement
Sales (15,000 x $50) $750,000
Cost of goods sold:
Cost of goods manufactured
(15,000 x $35) $525,000
Less ending inventory 0
Cost of goods sold 525,000
Gross profit $225,000
Selling and administrative expenses
($75,000 + $50,000) 125,000
Income from operations $100,000
Operating Income:
Absorption costing $70,000
Variable costing 40,000
Difference $30,000
Operating Income:
Absorption costing $70,000
Variable costing 40,000
Difference $30,000
Analysis:
Units manufactured 15,000
Units sold 12,000
Ending inventory units 3,000
Fixed cost per unit x $10
Difference $30,000
Units Manufactured Are Less Than Units Sold
Variable Costing Income Statement
Sales (15,000 x $50) $750,000
Variable cost of goods sold:
Beginning inventory (5,000 x $25) $125,000
Variable cost of goods manufactured
(10,000 x $25) 250,000 375,000
Manufacturing margin $375,000
Variable selling and admin. expenses 75,000
Contribution margin $300,000
Fixed costs:
Fixed manufacturing costs $150,000
Fixed selling and admin. expenses 50,000 200,000
Income from operations $100,000
Units Manufactured Are Less Than Units Sold
Variable Costing Income Statement
Sales (15,000 x $50) $750,000
Variable cost of goods sold:
Beginning inventory (5,000 x $25) $125,000
Variable cost of goods manufactured
(10,000 x $25) 250,000 375,000
Manufacturing margin $375,000
Variable selling and admin. expenses 75,000
Contribution margin $300,000
Fixed costs:
Fixed manufacturing costs $150,000
Fixed selling and admin. expenses 50,000 200,000
Income from operations $100,000
Units Manufactured Are Less Than Units Sold
Absorption Costing Income Statement
Sales (15,000 x $50) $750,000
Cost of goods sold:
Beginning inventory (5,000 x $35) $175,000
Cost of good manufactured
(10,000 x $45) 400,000
Cost of goods sold 575,000
Gross profit $175,000
Selling and administrative expenses
($75,000 + $50,000) 125,000
Income from operations $ 50,000
Units Manufactured Are Less Than Units Sold
Operating Income:
Variable costing $100,000
Absorption costing 50,000
Difference $ 50,000
Analysis:
Units sold 15,000
Units manufactured 10,000
Beginning inventory units 5,000
Fixed cost per unit x $10
Difference $50,000
IF Units Sold < Units produced
Frand Manufacturing
Company has no beginning
inventory and sales are
estimated to be 20,000 units at
$75 per unit, regardless of
production levels.
Income Analysis Under Variable Costing
and Absorption Costing
Proposal 1: 20,000 Units to Be Manufactured and Sold
Total Cost Unit Cost
Manufacturing costs:
Variable $ 700,000 $35
Fixed 400,000 20
Total costs $1,100,000 $55
Selling and administrative exp.
Variable ($5 per unit sold) $ 100,000
Fixed 100,000
Total expenses $ 200,000
Income Analysis Under Variable Costing
and Absorption Costing
Proposal 2: 25,000 Units to Be Manufactured; 20,000 Units to Be Sold
Total Cost Unit Cost
Manufacturing costs:
Variable $ 875,000 $35
Fixed 400,000 16
Total costs $1,275,000 $51
Selling and administrative exp.
Variable ($5 per unit sold) $ 100,000
Fixed 100,000
Total expenses $ 200,000
Frand Manufacturing Company
Absorption Costing Income Statements
20,000 Units 25,000 Units
Manufactured Manufactured
Sales $1,500,000 $1,500,000
Cost of goods sold:
Cost of goods manufactured
(20,000 units x $55) $1,100,000
Frand Manufacturing Company
Absorption Costing Income Statements
20,000 Units 25,000 Units
Manufactured Manufactured
Sales $1,500,000 $1,500,000
Cost of goods sold:
Cost of goods manufactured
(20,000 units x $55) $1,100,000
(25,000 units x $51) $1,275,000
Frand Manufacturing Company
Absorption Costing Income Statements
20,000 Units 25,000 Units
Manufactured Manufactured
Sales $1,500,000 $1,500,000
Cost of goods sold:
Cost of goods manufactured
(20,000 units x $55) $1,100,000
(25,000 units x $51) $1,275,000
Less ending inventory:
(5,000 units x $51) 255,000
Cost of goods sold $1,100,000 $1,020,000
Gross profit $ 400,000 $ 480,000
Selling and administrative expenses
($100,000 + $100,000) 200,000 200,000
Income from operations $ 200,000 $ 280,000
Frand Manufacturing Company
Variable Costing Income Statements
20,000 Units 25,000 Units
Manufactured Manufactured
Sales $1,500,000 $1,500,000
Variable cost of goods sold:
Variable cost of goods manufactured:
(20,000 units x $35) $ 700,000
(25,000 units x $35) $ 875,000
Frand Manufacturing Company
Variable Costing Income Statements
20,000 Units 25,000 Units
Manufactured Manufactured
Sales $1,500,000 $1,500,000
Variable cost of goods sold:
Variable cost of goods manufactured:
(20,000 units x $35) $ 700,000
(25,000 units x $35) $ 875,000
Less ending inventory:
(0 units x $35) 0
(5,000 units x $35) 175,000
Variable cost of goods sold $ 700,000 $ 700,000
Manufacturing margin $ 800,000 $ 800,000
Continued
Frand Manufacturing Company
Variable Costing Income Statements
20,000 Units 25,000 Units
Manufactured Manufactured
Continued
Frand Manufacturing Company
Variable Costing Income Statements
30,000 Units
Manufactured
Manufacturing margin $ 800,000
Variable selling and administrative
expenses 100,000
Contribution margin $ 700,000
Fixed costs:
Fixed manufacturing costs $ 400,000
Fixed selling and administrative
expenses 100,000
Total fixed costs $ 500,000
Income from operations $ 200,000
Management’s Use of Costing Methods
Variable costing reports and absorption
costing reports are useful in the following
situations:
1. Controlling costs
2. Pricing products
3. Planning production
4. Analyzing market segments
5. Analyzing contribution margins
Accounting Reports and
Management Decisions
ACCOUNTING REPORTS
MANAGEMENT