History of Computers

• IAS (Institute for Advanced Studies)

• von Neumann and Goldstine
− Took idea of ENIAC and developed the concept of
storing a program in the memory
− This architecture came to be known as the “von
Neumann architecture” and has been the basis for
virtually every machine designed since then
− Features
− Data and instructions (programs) are stored in a single
read-write memory
− Memory contents are addressable by location,
regardless of the content itself
− Sequential execution
− Lots of initial and long-term fighting over patents,
rights, credits, firsts, etc.
Architecture versus Organization
Computer Architecture
Computer Architecture refers to those attributes of a system that
have a direct impact on the logical execution of a program.
The architecture of a CPU is actually its
 The instruction set
 The number of bits used to represent various data types
 I/O mechanisms
 Memory addressing techniques
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Architecture versus Organization
Cont…
Computer Organization
Computer Organization refers to the operational units and
their interconnections that realize the architectural
specifications.
Examples are things that are transparent to the programmer:
 Control signals
 Interfaces between computer and peripherals
 The memory technology being used

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 Architecture versus Organization…
Example
 Take two different models from a same vendor like Intel are
brought to analyze.
 Both the models(lap top and desk top) have same processor
like core 2 duo.
 That means both models understand the same instruction set
as you know each processor understands a fixed no of
instructions. Hence their architecture is same.
 Due to the placement of various hardware components, one
model (laptop) is slim and other is bulky. Hence their
organization is different.
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Structure versus Function
Modern computers contain millions of electronic components
 The key to describing such systems is to recognize their hierarchical
nature
 They are a set of layers or levels of interrelated subsystems
 Each level consists of a set of components and their inter-relationships

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Structure versus Function…
The behavior of each level depends only on a simplified, abstracted
characterization of the system at the next lower level At each level, the
designer is concerned with:
Structure: The way in which the components are
interrelated
Function: The operation of each individual
component as part of the structure.

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 Structure versus Function…
Function
Basic functions that a computer can perform:
1. Data Processing -The data may take a wide variety of
forms, and the range of processing requirements is
broad.
2. Data Storage -long-term or short, temporary storage
3. Data Movement
Input/Output-when data are received from or delivered to
a peripheral, a device connected directly to the computer
Data Communications -when data is moved over longer
distances, to or from a remote device
4. Control - of the above functions, by instructions provided
by the user of the computer (i.e. their programs).

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Functional view

Data
Storage
Facility

Data
Control
Movement
Mechanism
Apparatus

Data
Processing
Facility

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Operations (1)

• Data movement
• e.g. keyboard to screen
Data
Storage
Facility

Data
Control
Movement
Mechanism
Apparatus

Data
Processing
Facility

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Operations (2)

• Storage
• e.g. Internet download to disk
Data
Storage
Facility

Data
Control
Movement
Mechanism
Apparatus

Data
Processing
Facility

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Operation (3)

• Processing from/to storage

• e.g. updating bank statement
Data
Storage
Facility

Data
Control
Movement
Mechanism
Apparatus

Data
Processing
Facility

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Operation (4)

• Processing from storage to I/O

• e.g. printing a bank statement
Data
Storage
Facility

Data
Control
Movement
Mechanism
Apparatus

Data
Processing
Facility

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Structure versus Function…
Structure
Simplest possible view of a computer:
 Storage
 Processing
 Peripherals
 Communication Lines

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Structure versus Function…
• Internal Structure of the Computer:
 Central Processing Unit (CPU) :Controls the operation of the
computer and performs its data processing functions; often
simply referred to as processor.
 Main Memory: Stores data.
 I/O: Moves data between the computer and its external
environment.
 System Interconnection: Some mechanism that provides for
communication among CPU, main memory, and I/O.

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 Structure - Top Level

Peripherals Computer

Central
Processing Mainmemory
Unit

Computer Systems
Interconnection

Input
Output
Communication
lines

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Main Structural components of the CPU

 Control Unit: Controls the operation of the CPU and hence the
computer.
 Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU): Performs the computer's data
processing functions.
 Registers: Provides storage internal to the CPU.
 CPU Interconnection: Some mechanism that provides for
communication among the control unit, ALU, and registers.

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 Structure - The CPU

CPU

Computer Arithmetic
Registers and
I/O Login Unit
System CPU
Bus
Internal CPU
Memory Interconnection

Control
Unit

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