Professional Documents
Culture Documents
STUPIDITY
CONCRETE
PENCIL
ABSTRACT
LOVE
CONCRETE
CHAIR
CONCRETE
LAPTOP
ABSTRACT
CHAOS
CONCRETE
BOYFRIEND
ABSTRACT
DEPRESSION
ABSTRACT
STRENGTH
CONCRETE
EAGLE
COMMON NOUNS PROPER NOUNS
PROPER:
Please, Mom, may I hangout tonight.
COMMON:
My mom hangout out last night.
DRILL
COMMON
teacher
COMMON
town
PROPER
Tuguegarao
PROPER
Jose Rizal
COMMON
shampoo
COMMON
holiday
COMMON
CS reviewee
PROPER
Sarah G.
PROPER
Ayala Ave.
COMMON
street
COUNT NOUNS MASS NOUNS
SOME AIR
COUNT
MONEY
MASS
WATER
COUNT
BOTTLED WATER
COUNT
BAG OF SAND
MASS
SAND
MASS
ELECTRICITY
MASS
CLOUDS
COUNT
SLICE OF CAKE
COUNT
CUP OF TEA
COLLECTIVE NOUNS COMPOUND NOUNS
JURY
COMPOUND
SOAP OPERA
COLLECTIVE
SCHOOL OF FISH
COLLECTIVE
BATALLION
COMPOUND
SISTER-IN-LAW
COMPOUND
SUNGLASS
COLLECTIVE
FAMILY
COMPOUND
SUNSHINE
COLLECTIVE
FLOCK OF BIRDS
COMPOUND
LIPSTICK
FUNCTIONS OF NOUNS IN A
SENTENCE
AS A SUBJECT { S }
THE SUBJECT TELLS WHAT A SENTENCE IS
ABOUT.
RODRIGO DUTERTE IS OUR PRESIDENT.
S
ANNA IS A CS REVIEWEE.
EVE AND HER DOG JOG
AROUND THE PARK.
GENERINE IS GOOD IN
DANCING.
AS A SUBJECT COMPLEMENT { SC }
THE SUBJECT COMPLEMENT TELLS MORE ABOUT THE
SUBJECT.
•THE CHAMPION IS
THE PHILIPPINES.
THE US PRESIDENT VISITED
THE PHILIPPINES.
GENDER
REFERS TO THE BIOLOGICAL SEX OF THE NOUN’S
REFERENCE
• MASCULINE
• FEMININE
• COMMON
• NEUTER
NOTE
A. COLLECTIVE NOUNS, EVEN IF THEY REFER TO LIVING THING, ARE USED AS
NEUTER NOUNS.
ANYBODY
SINGULAR
SOMEBODY
PLURAL
SOME
SINGULAR
EACH CAKE
SINGULAR
5000 PESOS
SINGULAR
200 KILOMETERS
SINGULAR
STATISTICS
SINGULAR
PUTO AT DINUGUAN
SINGULAR
PAIR OF SCISSORS
SINGULAR
MEASLES
PLURAL
A NUMBER OF PUPILS
SINGULAR
DATA
SINGULAR
CACTUS
PLURAL
CACTI
SINGULAR
THESIS
SINGULAR
FURNITURE
SINGULAR
EACH
PLURAL
MY MOTHER AND
MY TEACHER
SINGULAR
NO ONE
SINGULAR
NEITHER
PLURAL
SCISSORS
SINGULAR
MANY A
PLURAL
FEW
SINGULAR
ACOUSTICS
SINGULAR
MARY AND MARIE, ALONG WITH MARS, CONDUCT READING SESSIONS IN SOLANA.
(subject) (verb)
• THE DIRECTOR, TOGETHER WITH THE PROFESSORS, (PROMOTES,
PROMOTE) SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN PUBLIC SCHOOLS.
EACH DAY AND MONTH COUNTS TO A FATHER WHO TOILS FOR HIS FAMILY.
(subject) (verb)
6. The expressions EVERY, EACH, AND
MANY A… take singular verb.
THE DRY GOODS INSIDE THE TRUCK WERE CONFISCATED BY CUSTOM OFFICERS.
(subject) (verb)
14. Words such as glasses, pants, and scissors
take plural verbs. If the singular verbs are desired,
qualifying words such as a pair of have to be used.
HE
POSSESIVE
THEIRS
OBJECTIVE
THEM
NOMINATIVE /
OBJECTIVE
IT
OBJECTIVE/
POSSESIVE
HIS
NOMINATIVE
I
NOMINATIVE
WE
POSSESIVE
YOURS
NOMINATIVE
THEY
POSSESIVE
OURS
NOMINATIVE
SHE
NOMI-OBJECT
YOU
POSSESIVE
HERS
POSSESIVE
MINE
OBJECT/ POSSESIVE
ITS
OBJECTIVE
ME
OBJECTIVE
HIM
OBJECTIVE
HER
PRONOUNS
Words that stands for nouns or words
that take the place of nouns.
ANTECEDENTS OF
PRONOUNS
Antecedents are nouns for which pronouns stand.
These are the nouns that pronouns stand for.
FIRST PERSON
WE US OURS
SECOND PERSON
YOU YOU YOURS
THIRD PERSON
THEY THEM THEIRS
EXAMPLE:
WE SHOULD TRUST IN THE LORD’S GUIDANCE.
SINGULAR PLURAL
This, that These, those
EXAMPLE:
THIS IS THE COUNTRY KNOWN AS
THE PEARL OF THE ORIENT SEAS.
RELATIVE PRONOUNS
There are only 5 relative pronouns
that which who whom whose
Note that when, why, where, and how are not pronouns.
EXAMPLE:
WHICH OF THE FRUITS IS THE
BEST THE ELDERLY?
RECIPROCAL PRONOUNS
Used to indicate the action being done by the actor
to the receiver and by the receiver to the actor.
REFLEXIVE VS RECIPROCAL
JUST BEFORE THE PERFORMANCE, THE CHOIR MEMBERS MASSAGED
EACH OTHER.
GERUND PHRASE
gerund with all its complements and
modifiers acting together as a noun.
Arguing about grades will get you nowhere.
The park prohibits walking on the grass.
2. PARTICIPLE
A form of verb that can act as an adjective
(1) present participle which ends in –ing
(entertaining, writing)
(2) past participle which usually ends in –d or –
ed (entertained, written)
Limping, the hiker favored his aching ankle.
Confused, Nancy returned to her interrupted work.
PARTICIPIAL PHRASE
A participle modified by an adverb or
accompanied by a complement acting
together as an adjective
The chemist, blinded by smoky fumes, stumbled.
EDSA
IN
QUEZON CITY
IN
REGION 02
IN
CAGAYAN VALLEY
ON
BORDER LINE
IN
IN
PHILIPPINES
AT
PARTY
AT
2:30
IN
MORNING
ON
TAFT STREET
IN
WINTER
IN
1990’S
IN
LAOAG CITY
AT
#185 SALVANERA
STREET
IN
BRGY. WALANGHIYA
ON
PLANE
ON
RADIO
AT
LUNCH
IN
AFTERNOON
AT
DUSK
IN
20 CENTURY
TH
IN
JANUARY 2019
ON
THIRD FLOOR
ON
INTERNET
ON
SHIP
ON
JANUARY 27
AT
IT’S BETTER TO GET
TAXI IF YOU ARE OUT
ALONE _______ NIGHT.
IN
SHE GOT MARRIED
_________
SEPTEMBER.
COMMOM
GRAMMATICAL
ERRORS
PARALLELISM
The placement of equal ideas in words,
phrases, or clauses of similar types
Parallel Words: The board reviewed several aspects of the
plan: social, financial, and educational.
Parallel Phrases: She loves to swim in the ocean and
to fish at the lake.
Parallel Clauses: We wondered what was in the box, where
it came from, who had sent it, and why it
had not been unwrapped.
ITEMS IN A SERIES MUST HAVE PARALLEL
STRUCTURE.
Parallelism looks like this:
Shane , , and .
Shane , , and .
HERE IS AN EXAMPLE:
Shane ate the pizza, wiped his lips, and
burped with contentment.
Shane , , and .
Shane , , and .
THE PROBLEM LOOKS LIKE
THIS:
Shane ate the pizza, wiped his lips, and
burping with contentment.
With Only a Comma: Edith slumped into a chair, the worst had
happened.
MISPLACED MODIFIER
Appears to modify the wrong word in a sentence;
thus, causing confusion for the reader
EXAMPLE:
IF YOU HEAT WATER UNTIL 100 DEGREES CELSIUS, IT BOILS.
IF I DRINK TOO MUCH COFFEE, I GET A HEADACHE.
FIRST CONDITIONAL
THE FIRST CONDITIONAL IS USED TO PREDICT THE RESULT OF A FUTURE ACTION (THINGS WHICH MIGHT
HAPPEN IN THE FUTURE).
FORM:
[IF + PRESENT SIMPLE], [WILL + INFINITIVE]
EXAMPLE:
IF SHE GETS GOOD GRADES, SHE WILL GO TO UNIVERSITY.
YOU’LL FAIL THE EXAM IF YOU DON’T DO MORE WORK.
SECOND CONDITIONAL
THE SECOND CONDITIONAL IS USED TO TALK ABOUT SITUATIONS THAT ARE
UNLIKELY OR UNREAL. IT CAN REFER TO THE PRESENT OR THE FUTURE.
FORM:
[IF + PAST SIMPLE], [WOULD + INFINITIVE]
EXAMPLE:
IF I WERE YOU, I WOULDN’T DO IT.
IF I WERE A BOY, I WOULD TREAT YOU BETTER.
THIRD CONDITIONAL
THE THIRD CONDITIONAL IS USED TO SPECULATE ABOUT THE IMAGINARY RESULT
OF THINGS WHICH DIDN’T HAPPEN.
FORM:
[ I F + PA S T P E R F E C T ] , [ W O U L D H AV E + PA S T PA R T I C I P L E ]
EXAMPLE:
IF YOU HAD STUDIED HARDER, YOU WOULD HAVE PASSED YOUR EXAMS.
WE WOULDN’T HAVE BEEN LATE, IF WE HADN’T MISSED THE BUS.
Something different to what it says on the
surface.
Its raining cats and dogs.
He is the apple of my eye.
Literal language means exactly what it says.
Quack-quack-quack
Meow-meow-meow.
A part of something is used to refer to its
whole.