The smallest structural and functional unit

of an organism, typically microscopic and

consisting of cytoplasm and a nucleus
enclosed in a membrane.
 3 MAIN OF
STRUCTURE
 3 MAIN OF STRUCTURE

PLASMA MEMBRANE CYTOPLASM NUCLEUS

STRUCTURE IN THE
PLASMA MEMBRANE
75% MEMBRANE LIPIDS CONTAIN PHOSPHORUS

SMALLER AMOUNT (20%) AND ALSO ATTACH TWO

HYDROXYL GROUP.

(5%) LIPIDS WILL ATTACHED TO CARBOHYDRATES.

1) IT SEPARATES THE CONTENTS OF THE CELL
FROM ITS OUTSIDE ENVIRONMENT AND IT
REGULATES WHAT ENTERS AND EXITS THE
CELL.
2) PLASMA MEMBRANE PLAYS A VITAL ROLE
IN PROTECTING THE INTEGRITY OF THE INTERIOR OF THE
CELL BY ALLOWING ONLY SELECTED SUBSTANCES INTO
THE CELL AND KEEPING OTHER SUBSTANCES OUT

3) IT ALSO SERVES AS A BASE OF ATTACHMENT FOR THE

CYTOSKELETON IN SOME ORGANISMS AND THE CELL
WALL IN OTHERS. THUS THE CELL MEMBRANE SUPPORTS THE
CELL AND HELPS IN MAINTAINING THE SHAPE OF THE CELL.
4) THE CELL MEMBRANE IS PRIMARILY
COMPOSED OF PROTEINS AND LIPIDS. WHILE LIPIDS
HELP TO GIVE MEMBRANES THEIR FLEXIBILITY
AND PROTEINS MONITOR AND MAINTAIN THE
CELL'S CHEMICAL CLIMATE AND ASSIST IN THE
TRANSFER OF MOLECULES ACROSS THE MEMBRANE.

5) THE LIPID BILAYER IS SEMI-PERMEABLE, WHICH

ALLOWS ONLY SELECTED MOLECULES TO DIFFUSE
ACROSS THE MEMBRANE.
JELLY LIKE SUBSTANCE CONTAIND IN
THE PLASMA MEMBRANE
STRUCTURE OF CYTOPLASM
FUNCTION OF CYTOPLASM
 Site of all intracellular activities except
those occurring in the nucleus .
 Contains molecules such as enzymes
which are responsible for breaking down
waste and also aid in metabolic activity.
 Give cell a shape and keeps organelles
in their own place.
 Liquid phase of the cytoplasm in a cell.

Cytosol makes up about 70% of the

cell volume and is a complex mixture
of cytoskeleton filaments, dissolved
molecules, and water
STRUCTURE OF CYTOSOL
FUNCTIONS OF CYTOSOL
 Site of many chemical reactions that
maintain cell structure.
 Allow the cellular growth.
 This is relatively simple for water-soluble
molecules,such as amino acids,which
can diffuse rapidly through the cytosol.
 A series of intracellular protein

 Cytoskeleton has three main structural

components: microfilaments, intermediate
filaments, and microtubules.
STRUCTURE OF
CYTOSKELETON
FUNCTION OF CYTOSKELETON
Help a cell with shape,support and movement.

 Mediates movement of the cell move in its

environment.

 Mediate the movement of the cell component.

 Membrane-bound structures inside
the cell that have specific function.
STRUCTURE OF ORGANELLES
FUNCTION OF ORGANELLES
Nucleus
 DNA maintenance
 Controls all cells activities

Vacuole
 Storage food,water and waste

Mitochondria
 Energy production from the oxidation of glucose
Golgi Apparatus
 Sort,package,process and modify proteins

Lysosome
 Breaks down of larger molecules into smaller
molecules
 Digest old cells

Endoplasmic Reticulum
 Carries materials through cell
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
 Proteins synthesize by ribosome attach to rough
ER for processing and sorting.

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

 Fatty acids and steroids are synthesized.

Ribosome
 Sites of protein synthesis
 High content of ribonucleic acid (RNA).
 A dense organelle.

A spherical or oval structure bounded

by a double membrane, containing the
genetic material.
STRUCTURE OF NULEUS
FUNCTION OF NUCLEUS
Nuclear Envelope
 Separate nucleus from cytoplasm.

Nuclear Pores
 Control movement of substance between nucleus
and cytoplasm.

Nucleolus/Nucleoli
 Site of assembly of ribosome
Chromatin
 Contains small amount of RNA and DNA,the
molecules of inheritance which controls the
activities of the cell.

Nucleoplasm
 Semi-fluid substance in the nucleus
 Contains chromatin,nucleolus,nucleotides,
enzymes and minerals.
ACTIVE PROCESS PASSIVE PROCESS
Passive Process

 Substances move down its concentration

gradient to cross the membrane.
 Using only its own kinetic energy (energy of
motion)
 No input energy from the cell.
Example : Simple Diffusion.
Active Transport

 Cellular energy is used to drive the

substances ‘uphill’ that is against its
concentration gradient.
 Cellular energy used is usually in the form of
ATP to cross the plasma membrane .
Example : Active Transport