WORKSHOP TECHNOLOGY

LECTURE 1
BY DR. AHMAD NAWAZ

ASSISTANT PROFESSOR MECHANICAL

TECHNOLOGY UOT NOWSHERA
WORKSHOP TECHNOLOGY
 Assignments 10 %
 Quizes 10 %
 Mid-Term 15%
 Final Exam 50%
WORKSHOP TECHNOLOGY
 Lectures
 Other sources (slides/handouts)
 Books
 Workshop Technology Part-1
W.A.J.Chapman
 Workshop Technology Part-2

W.A.J.Chapman
MAJOR TOPICS
 Introduction to materials and basic materials
properties.
 Measurement and precision work

 Machining processes (Milling,Shaping,Planning etc.)

 Introduction to Lath machine

 Machine tools

 Drilling and boring processes

 Grinding processes

 Joining processes
 Six Major Classes of Materials

• Some of these have descriptive subclasses.

• Classes have overlap, so some materials fit into more than one class.

Metals
Valence electrons are detached from atoms, and spread in an
'electron sea’ that "glues" the ions together. Metals are usually
strong, conduct electricity and heat well and are opaque to light
(shiny if polished).

Examples: aluminum, steel, brass, gold.

• Iron and Steel
• Alloys and Superalloys (e.g. aerospace applications)
• Intermetallic Compounds (high-T structural materials)

Further classified as ferrous (iron as a main constituent e.g. Iron and

Stainless steel) and non-ferrous (e.g. Aluminum, Zinc, Lead and
Brass)
 Six Major Classes of Materials

Ceramics
Atoms behave mostly like either positive or negative ions, and are
bound by Coulomb forces between them. They are usually
combinations (compounds) of metals or semiconductors with oxygen,
nitrogen or carbon (oxides, nitrides, and carbides).

Examples: glass, porcelain, many minerals.

• Structural Ceramics (high-temperature load bearing)

• Refractories {fire bricks} (corrosion-resistant, insulating)
• Whitewares (e.g. porcelains)
• Glass
• Electrical Ceramics (capacitors, insulators, transducers)
• Chemically Bonded Ceramics (e.g. cement and concrete)
 Six Major Classes of Materials

Polymers

Are bound by covalent forces and also by weak van der Waals forces,
and usually based on H, C and other non-metallic elements. They
decompose at moderate temperatures (100 - 400 C), and are
lightweight.

Examples: plastics (nylon, Teflon, polyester) and rubber.

Most of the polymers and plastics are artificially produced from

organic materials e.g. Rubber is available in nature, whereas Nylon
is artificially produced from petroleum products.
 Six Major Classes of Materials

Electronic Materials (Semiconductors)

The bonding is covalent (electrons are shared between atoms). Their

electrical properties depend extremely on minute proportions of
contaminants. They are opaque to visible light but transparent to the
infrared.

Examples: Si, Ge, GaAs.

• Silicon and Germanium

• III-V Compounds (e.g. GaAs)
• Photonic materials (solid-state lasers, LEDs)
 Six Major Classes of Materials

Composites
• Particulate composites (small particles embedded in a different
material)
• Laminate composites (golf club shafts, tennis rackets,
Damaskus swords)
• Fiber reinforced composites (e.g. fiberglass)
• CFRP

Biomaterials (really using previous 5)

• Man-made proteins (cytoskeletal protein rods or “artificial
bacterium”)
• Biosensors (Au-nanoparticles stabilized by encoded DNA for
anthrax detection)
• Drug-delivery colloids (polymer based)
 Properties of Materials

• An alternative to major classes, you may divide materials into

classification according to properties.
• One goal of materials engineering is to select materials with
suitable properties for a given application, so it’s a sensible
approach.
• Just as for classes of materials, there is some overlap among the
properties, so the divisions are not always clearly defined

Mechanical properties
a) Elasticity and stiffness (recoverable stress vs. strain)
b) Plasticity (non-recoverable stress vs. strain)
c) Strength
d) Brittleness or Toughness
e) Fatigue
 Properties of Materials

Electrical properties
a) Electrical conductivity and resistivity
b) Dielectric properties
c) Polarizability
d) Capacitance

Magnetic properties
a) Paramagnetic properties
b) Diamagnetic properties
c) Ferromagnetic properties

Chemical properties
a) Oxidation properties
b) Corrosion properties
 Properties of Materials

Optical properties
a) Refractive index
b) Absorption, reflection, and transmission

Thermal properties
a) Thermal conductivity
b) Thermal Expansion

Biological properties
a) Toxicity
b) bio-compatibility
INTRODUCTION
 What is Manufacturing?
 Historical Development of Materials and
Manufacturing Processes
 Product Design and Concurrent Engineering
 Role of Materials properties

a) What materials are

toughest against
fracture?
b) Does density of
materials play a role?
 Practice
Consider that you need to create a container for storing
water. The material used for storing the container should
have the properties:
Mechanical properties
a) Exhibit elastic strain and return to its original position even if a
force is applied to it.
b) Be tough and able to resist sudden external loads applied to it

Chemical properties
a) Corrosion resistant  Constant contact with water

Thermal properties
a) Good conductor of heat  Water inside it can cool quickly when
refrigerated

Various testing of materials is used to select the

appropriate material for the purpose required
Materials Engineering Vs Materials science
Thank you