THE COGNITIVE AND

METACOGNITIVE FACTORS IN
LEARNING
Lesson 1 in EDUC 121
Day 1

Prepared by:
Roxan S. Afable
Instructor
OBJECTIVES
At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:

• Monitor your thought processes

• Explain how cognitive process is influenced by their heredity,
maturation and environment
Learning Memory

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LEARNING

• Is a process that modifies or strengthens our worldviews, beliefs,

opinions, attitudes, behaviors, skills, understanding, an knowledge.
• The foundation of all types of thinking

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MEMORY

• Is the sum total of what we remember in which information undergoes

three distinct processes.

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3 DISTINCT PROCESSES OF MEMORY

1. ENCODING
2. STORAGE
3. RETRIEVAL

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3 DISTINCT PROCESSES OF MEMORY

1. ENCODING
 is made possible through perception which allows the
environmental stimuli to pass through the sensory modalities.

2. STORAGE
3. RETRIEVAL

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3 DISTINCT PROCESSES OF MEMORY

1. ENCODING
2. STORAGE
 storage comes into the picture when the information is kept or
held in the long-term memory (LTM)

3. RETRIEVAL

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3 DISTINCT PROCESSES OF MEMORY

1. ENCODING
2. STORAGE
3. RETRIEVAL
 happens when there is an easy access to information needed.

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WHAT IS COGNITION?

• Is a way of thinking
• Refers to our mental abilities such as perceiving, attending,
remembering, memorizing, and problem solving.
• It is a mental process that takes care of the development of abstract
concepts, reasoning, perception, intelligence, learning, and many
other functions of the human brain.
 COGNITION

KNOWLEDGE

ACQUIRED THROUGH THE SENSES

TRANSFORMED THROUGH PERCEPTION, ENCODING, AND

INTERPRETATION

STORED THROUGH THE PROCESS OF MEMORY

RETRIEVED THROUGH THE PROCESS OF RECALL

USED IN PROBLEM-SOLVING ACTIVITIES

COGNITION

HEREDITY

MATURATION

ENVIRONMENT
EXPERTS & EXPERT SYSTEM

BASIC UNITS OF COGNITION

COGNITIVE STRATEGIES

STRATEGIC DEMANDS

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THOUGHT PROCESSES

• Ever experienced a moment where you want to say something but you cannot
find the right words to say it?
• The TOT EXPERIENCE or TIP of the Tongue Phenomenon

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COGNITIVE PROCESS OF EXPERTS AND EXPERT
SYSTEM
• Special knowledge
• Domain specificity
• Analogical reasoning
• Expert systems
• Creativity

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BASIC UNITS OF COGNITION
– building blocks of cognition
– basic units of declarative knowledge that can
stand alone as separate assertions about the observed
experiences etc.; are composed of related concepts
– an organizational pattern of the mind; knowledge
– basic units of procedural knowledge
– knowledge representations that set the framework for
procedural knowledge

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COGNITIVE STRATEGIES
- are mental plans that we apply to manage our thinking and
behavior during problem solving or learning.

• Student-centered Instruction
• Activating Prior Knowledge
• Social Interactions
• Problem Solving
• Elaboration
• Concept Learning

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COGNITIVE STRATEGIES

• Concept Learning
• Use Core Knowledge
• Integration of concepts across the curriculum
• Provision of an open-ended curriculum
• Provision of cognitive flexibility
• Provision of cognitive apprenticeship

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STRATEGIC DEMANDS ON COGNITIVE
PROCESSING
• Extraneous processing – uses inappropriate learning design that
does not match with the learning objective
• Essential processing – is needed when there is inherent
complexity of the material being learned.
• Generative processing – should be developed when students
lack the needed motivation.

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