AC to DC Converter

(Rectifiers)

Dirangkum Oleh :
I Nyoman Wahyu Satiawan, ST, M.Sc, Ph.D

Jurusan Teknik Elektro

Fakultas Teknik Universitas Mataram
 Scope of discussion
 Penyearah tak terkendali
(Uncontrolled Rectifiers)
◦ Penyearah setengah gelombang
(Half Wafe Rectifiers) Single phase
◦ Penyearah gelombang penuh (Full Rectifiers
Wave Rectifiers)
◦ Penyearah Jembatan (Bridge
Rectifiers)
Controllable Rectifiers

Multi-phase Rectifiers
Three phases
Contoh Aplikasi
 Peralatan elektronika kedokteran
 Telekomunikasi
 Charger HP
 UPS
 Electric Vehicles
 PC/Laptop
 etc
 introduction

 Penyearah adalah peralatan yang

fungsinya merubah alternating
current (AC), yang secara periodik
nilainya berubah, menjadi direct
current (DC) / arus searah.
 Half wave rectifier

 In half wave rectification, either the positive or

negative half of the AC wave is passed, while
the other half is blocked.
 Because only one half of the input waveform
reaches the output, it is very inefficient if used
for power transfer.
 Half-wave Rectifiers
 Half-wave rectifier – A diode placed in series
between a transformer (or ac line input) and its
load.
 Positive Half-wave Rectifiers

This circuit converts an

ac input to a series of
positive pulses.
 Average Load Voltage and Current

 Average voltage (Vave) – The dc equivalent of a

voltage waveform.
 Average current (Iave) – The dc equivalent of a
current waveform.

For the output from a half-wave rectifier:

Vpk I pk
Vave  I ave 
 
 Negative Half-wave Rectifiers

This circuit converts an

ac input to a series of
negative pulses.
 Peak Inverse Voltage (PIV)

Peak inverse voltage (PIV) – The maximum diode

reverse bias produced by a given circuit.

For the diode in a half-wave rectifier:

PIV  VS (pk)
Full-wave Rectifier
 Full-wave Rectifier Operation

Diodes conduct during

alternate half cycles of
the input signal.
VL(pk) is approximately
half the value of VS(pk).

The circuit produces

two positive half-cycles
for each input cycle.
 Average Load Voltage and Current

 Average voltage (Vave) – The dc equivalent of a voltage

waveform.
 Average current (Iave) – The dc equivalent of a current
waveform.

For the output from a full-wave rectifier:

2Vpk 2I pk
Vave  I ave 
 
 Peak Inverse Voltage (PIV)

 Peak inverse voltage (PIV) – The maximum diode

reverse bias produced by a given circuit.

For the diode in a full-wave rectifier:

PIV  VS (pk)

PIV  2VL (pk)

 Negative Full-wave Rectifiers

 The negative full-wave rectifier converts an ac

input to a series of negative pulses.
 Full-Wave Bridge Rectifiers
 Single phase rectifier uses four individual rectifying diodes
connected in a closed loop "bridge" configuration to
produce the desired output
 The four diodes labelled D1 to D4 are arranged in "series
pairs" with only two diodes conducting current during
each half cycle.
 Main Advantages
Full-Wave Bridge Rectifiers

It does not require the use of a center-tapped

transformer. thereby reducing its size and cost.
It can be coupled directly to the ac power line.
It produces a higher dc output than a comparable
full-wave center-tapped rectifier.
 Bridge Rectifier Operation
The Positive Half-cycle
 During the positive half cycle of the supply, diodes D1 and
D2 conduct in series while diodes D3 and D4 are reverse
biased and the current flows through the load as shown
below.
 Bridge Rectifier Operation
The Negative Half-cycle
 During the negative half cycle of the supply, diodes D3 and
D4 conduct in series, but diodes D1 and D2 switch "OFF" as
they are now reverse biased. The current flowing through the
load is the same direction as before.
 Bridge Rectifier Operation

 Conduction alternates between two diode pairs.

Voltage Output
 As the current flowing through the load is
unidirectional, so the voltage developed across
the load is also unidirectional the same as for the
previous two diode full-wave rectifier, therefore
the average DC voltage across the load is
0.637Vmax. However in reality, during each half
cycle the current flows through two diodes
instead of just one so the amplitude of the output
voltage is two voltage drops ( 2 x 0.7 = 1.4V )
less than the input VMAX amplitude. The ripple
frequency is now twice the supply frequency (e.g.
100Hz for a 50Hz supply)
 Calculating load voltage and current
relationships

VL (pk )  VS (pk)  1.4 V

2VL (pk )
Vave 
π
Vave
I ave 
RL
PIV  VS(pk)  0.7 V
 Working with Rectifiers

 Rectifiers are high current circuits, so IFRB can have a

significant impact on diode forward voltage (VF ).
 Cooling is often used to minimize the effects of high
power rectifier reverse current. Components may be
cooled using a fan and/or a heat sink.
 High transformer tolerances can introduce significant
discrepancies between calculated and measured current
and voltage values.
 Integrated Rectifiers

 Integrated Rectifier – A rectifier circuit that is etched on a

single piece of silicon (housed in a single case). IC
rectifiers are:
◦ Cheaper to produce
◦ Easier to troubleshoot
 The diodes in an IC rectifier operate at the same
temperature, so they have equal values of forward voltage
and leakage current.
 IC rectifier cases are designed to be attached easily to a
heat sink.
Filters
 A filter reduces the voltage and current variations
in the output from a rectifier.
 Full-wave Rectifier with
Smoothing Capacitor
 To increase its average DC output level even higher by
connecting a suitable smoothing capacitor across the
output of the bridge circuit as shown below.
 Bridge Rectifier Ripple Voltage
 The maximum ripple voltage present for a Full
Wave Rectifier circuit is not only determined by
the value of the smoothing capacitor but by the
frequency and load current, and is calculated as:

Where: I is the DC load current in amps, ƒ is the frequency

of the ripple or twice the input frequency in Hertz, and C is
the capacitance in Farads.
 Another Advantage of Bridge
Rectifier
 The main advantages of a full-wave bridge rectifier is
that it has a smaller AC ripple value for a given load
and a smaller reservoir or smoothing capacitor than
an equivalent half-wave rectifier. Therefore, the
fundamental frequency of the ripple voltage is twice
that of the AC supply frequency (100Hz) where for
the half-wave rectifier it is exactly equal to the
supply frequency (50Hz).
 Ripple Voltage (Vr)

 Ripple voltage (Vr) – The variation in the filter output

voltage.
 The Basic Capacitive Filter

 The capacitor:
TC  5 RD1C1 ◦ charges through the
rectifier diode.
TD  5 RL C1 ◦ discharges through the
load.
 Surge Current

 The high initial current through a power supply.

 Surge current lasts only long enough for the filter
capacitor to charge.

VS ( pk )
I surge 
RW  RB
 Limiting Surge Current

Surge current can be limited by:

 Inserting a current limiting resistor between the filter
capacitor and the rectifier.
 Using a low-value filter capacitor (which shortens the
duration of the surge).
 Using an inductive filter.
 Filter output voltages

Vr
Vdc  Vpk 
2
I Lt
Vr 
C
Filtering and Half-wave
Rectifier PIV

PIV  2VS ( pk)

LC Filters
 Voltage Regulators

 Voltage regulator – The final circuit in the dc power

supply.
 End of meeting 1

Thank you for your kind attention!