DC Superconducting Power Transmission Line

MIT_PSFC@Boston
2005/08/03
dc Superconducting
Power Transmission Line
in Chubu University
Presented by S. Yamaguchi
yamax@isc.chubu.ac.jp
MIT_PSFC@Boston
2005/08/03
Contents
1) Introduction of HTS Power
cable
2) Present status of ac power
cable system
3) DC Power Transmission
System
4) Proposal of dc
superconducting power
transmission system
MIT_PSFC@Boston
2005/08/03
Start of ac Power
Transmission
Started by Sumitomo in Japan

1) Replace of Copper cable
2) High current density of HTS cable
3) Low Cost of civil engineering
4) Good for Metropolitan Area, like New York & Tokyo
MIT_PSFC@Boston
2005/08/03
Present System
of ac Power Transmission
superconducting ac cable
Japanese System
Nuclear Factory Factory
Power Plant 77 - 22kV 6.6kV
500 - 275 - 77 -
275kV 154kV 33kV 6.6kV Trans. Homes
Oil/Gas Sub- Sub- Sub-
Shops
Power Plant Station1 Station2 Station3 200 - Factories
100V
Hydraulic Building Building
Power Plant 77 - 22kV 6.6kV
>300km >50km < 20km distance

MIT_PSFC@Boston
2005/08/03
Goal of ac Power Transmission

normalized loss
Low Loss Cable
Main loss is due to

goal
AC losses!
Power is consumed by
Cryo-cooler
copper cable HTS cable
4 times Higher
From memo of Sumitomo in 1990’s
@present time
MIT_PSFC@Boston
ac Power Transmission
2005/08/03
Projects
From memo of Sumitomo

MIT_PSFC@Boston
2005/08/03
NEDO 500m Cable Project

Fiscal Year 2001 2005
Project is terminated March, 2005! QuickTimeý Ç²

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MIT_PSFC@Boston
2005/08/03
Present Cable Projects in the
World
US several projects in NY and Long Island
Korea KEPRI, now installing by Sumitomo
China InnoST & Universities
These are all ac cable projects!

MIT_PSFC@Boston
2005/08/03
Present Summary of ac HTS Cables
1) Reduce ac Losses ~ 1/4 is required

2) Reduce the Cost ~ 1/10 is required
3) Reduce heat leak ~ 1/3 is required
4) Reduce Pressure Drop
5) How to re-start the National Project in Japan!
Review and Check Basic Ideas

MIT_PSFC@Boston
2005/08/03
Proposal of dc SC transmission line
Cost/Power ac Cu power cable
dc Cu power cable y0: Initial cost of ac Cu cable system
y1: Initial cost of dc Cu cable system

dc SC power Cable
High Inverter Cost
y2
x0 ~ 300 km for present system
y1
y0 y2: Initial cost of dc SC cable system

x0 x1 x2
distance Inverter, Cryo-cooler Costs
for long distance,

ac Cu cable < dc Cu cable < dc SC Cable
MIT_PSFC@Boston
2005/08/03
dc Power Transmission in World

Gotland
Quebec-NewEngland
98km 260MW
1486km 2250MW
Nelsonriver
240km 500MW
Vancouver
Ekibasutsuusu-centa 2400km
Vienna 6000MW
600MW Ninamifukumitsu
300MW
Inter-mountain 785km Shyanghai 1046km
1920MW 1200MW
Pacific intertie 1361km

1100MW
Crosschannel
70km 1000MW
Ultra high Voltage system

Long distance system
Many system in all over the world
Newzealand 617km 1240MW
総合電気雑誌 OHM 1999 / 1 p.45 図１より引用

MIT_PSFC@Boston
2005/08/03
Development of Electric Power

US - GRID2030
300GW until 2020

dc transmission for long distance
China
150GW is underconstruction now.
18GW/year until 2020
MIT_PSFC@Boston
2005/08/03
dc transmission
system
Electirc Inverter Electirc Inverter
dc dc
Trans. reactor reactor Trans.
Electric x x ac Power
Generator Grid
Inverter Inverter circuit
circuit
Transmission breaker
breaker
cable
dc transmission system
Merit & demerit

1) Advantage for long distance
2) High utilization factor
3) Available for different frequency
4) High cost by Inverter
MIT_PSFC@Boston
Low cost
2005/08/03
Inverter(1)
Development of low cost inverter -
Application of Hybrid car’s Inverter
Battery- dc
Motor -ac TIFFÅià•
QuickTimeý Ç²
in Toyota Prius
VVVF inverter TIFFÅià•

Quick Timeý Ç²
Low Cost !
Less than 1/10
MIT_PSFC@Boston
2005/08/03
Low Cost Inverter(2)

Inverters of Electric Vehicle and Power Cables
Switiching Device Device Circuit Cirucit

Distance Device Power
Freq. Voltage Current Voltage Current
Electric Vehicle 　< 5 m IGBT > 10 kHz not open not open 500V - 650V not open 50kW - 120kW
Honsyu-Hokkaido 168 km SCR < 1 kHz 4 kV 1.5 kA ±250 kV 1.2 kA 0.6 GW
Honsyu-Sikoku 102 km SCR < 1 kHz 8 kV 3.5 kA ±500 kV 2.8 kA 2.8 GW
Ekibatsusute-centa 2,400 km SCR < 1 kHz ±750 kV 6.0 GW
dc power transmission: High Voltage/series connection
EV : Low Voltage / series and parallel connection

High switching freq. ⇨ low higher harmonics
⇨ high efficiency & low loss
⇨ hard serial connection
MIT_PSFC@Boston
2005/08/03
Low Cost Inverter(3)

Inverter for SC Cable & connection
1) Thyrister is used for power transmission line, and its voltage and current
are ~ 4 kV and ~3 kA
2) IGBT is used for EV, and its voltage and current are 1.7 kV and ~ 100 A
3) Ic of Bi-2223 tape is ~100A in the present time
4) Insulated and individual connection of the tape and the inverter is better
to avoid the current imbalance and for the control and monitor.
EV’s inverter is better for the parallel

connection of Inverter and HTS Tape,
But higher voltage is better now.
MIT_PSFC@Boston
2005/08/03
dc Copper cable
Honshu-Hokkaido Power Cable, Japan
Ultra High Voltage: ±250kV

Relative Low current: 1kA
QuickTimeý Ç²
TIFFÅià•
Single Phase cable

Oil Cooling Cable
Structure is similar to SC cable!

MIT_PSFC@Boston
2005/08/03
Subjects of dc SC cable system
Keep low temperature for long distance

↓
High Thermal Insulation
Low Pressure Drop
&
Low Cost Cable !
No ac Losses!
High current density is achieved!
MIT_PSFC@Boston
2005/08/03
Criticism of Sumitomo’s SC cable

Electric Insulation
isolate the SC from
coolant
Low Thermal Insulation
High Pressure Drop
outer pipe
former
& SC wire
internal
pass of
coolant
pipe
P 
 Length_ boundary
vaccum Cross  section
insulation
Electric insulator
MIT_PSFC@Boston
2005/08/03
Criticism of Furukawa’s SC cable

No transport current in
shield layer (high cost)
Low Thermal Insulation
QuickTimeý Ç²
High Pressure Drop TIFFÅià•
vaccum layer
shield layer
shield layer
outer pipe insulator

135
former
former
& SC wire internal
pipe Hard to reduce
lquid N2 flow the cost!
lquid N2 flow
current carrying layer; tape conductor
pass of vaccum
coolant insulation
Electric insulator
MIT_PSFC@Boston
2005/08/03
Our design of SC cable
superconducting
outer pipe
wire
former
internal
pass of pipe
coolant
vaccum
insulation
Electric insulator
No Shield Layer (low cost)

High Thermal Insulation (electric and thermal
insulator)
Lowest Pressure Drop (Gas and oil pipe line
structure)
MIT_PSFC@Boston
Connections of Current Lead, 2005/08/03
HTS tape and Inverter

Management of Cable System
Contorl of Strand Current (Insulated HTS tape)
Small inverter connects insulated strand
Monitor the individual voltage of Strand
Air @ RT
Inverters Peltier Materials
superconducting wire
coolant
copper
lead vacuum
connection togather
or Feed through-1
Indivi. connection
Feed through-2
Transformer
&
Generator
MIT_PSFC@Boston
2005/08/03
Connection of dc SC cable system

SC Cable 1
A
current1
Power Inverter 1
ac output
Source1
Copper Cable
B
Power
current1 - current2 ~ zero
ac output
Source2
Inverter 2
current2
C
SC Cable 1
dc Single Phase connection for SC cable

and Low Cost!
MIT_PSFC@Boston
2005/08/03
dc SC cable connection
Management of Cable System
Contorl of Strand Current (Insulated HTS tape)
Small inverter connects insulated strand
Monitor the individual voltage of Strand
Air @ RT
Inverters Peltier Materials
superconducting wire
coolant
copper
lead vacuum
connection togather
or Feed through-1
Indivi. connection
Feed through-2
Transformer
&
Generator
MIT_PSFC@Boston
2005/08/03
Electric Power Storage

Power Grid can Store Electric Power!
High current for Superconducting cable
1 2
Energy  LPS  I
2
high current and high inductance is better to

store the electric power
MIT_PSFC@Boston
2005/08/03
Low Cost & SMES Pipe Line

Road surface<５G
Iron Core Pipe underground duct
↓
Magnetic Shield
High Inductance Superconducting cables
Low Cost
High Mechanical Strength Plate for
magnetic shield
underground
Storage Energy ~ 230MJ for 20kA, 100km

MIT_PSFC@Boston
2005/08/03
PCL application
High Current, but High heat Leak
Peltier Current Lead

f=0 f=1
copper lead 42.5 23.3
PCL 27.8 18.6 Heat leak for 77K unit(mW/A)
We plan not to use liquid N2 to reduce the heat leak

at current lead.
MIT_PSFC@Boston
2005/08/03
Reality of dc SC cable system

1) Many dc Power Transmission Projects and Plan in US,
China, Russia and Middle East
2) Low cost Inverter is developed in Japan
3) Enough high current density for Bi-2223
tape conductor
4) Need to develop cable cooling for long
distance
5) Electric Power Storage function
MIT_PSFC@Boston
2005/08/03
Present Experimental Plan

Length < 15 -20 m Layout in the experimental room
Current > 2 - 4 kA
40 HTS Tapes of Sumitomo
Ic > 130 A @ 77K Cryostat
Voltage > 10 - 30 kV Cable
Temp. < 77K

5m
(sub-cool N2 & slush N2)
From 2005.4 to 2010.3 Cryostat
　8 m
MIT_PSFC@Boston
2005/08/03
Present Collaborations & Goal

Japanese several Universities
materials, design, basic test & experiment
calculation
Two Private Companies in Japan

Cryo-cooler system, cryostat for cable
goal
Re-start the National Project in Japan
MIT_PSFC@Boston
2005/08/03
Back to Edison !
Use dc power !
Realize a Realistic SC System

through
Collaboration from all over the world!

DC Superconducting Power Transmission Line

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MIT_PSFC@Boston

Started by Sumitomo in Japan

>300km >50km < 20km distance

Goal of ac Power Transmission

Main loss is due to

copper cable HTS cable

From memo of Sumitomo

NEDO 500m Cable Project

Project is terminated March, 2005! QuickTimeý Ç²

These are all ac cable projects!

Present Summary of ac HTS Cables

1) Reduce ac Losses ~ 1/4 is required

5) How to re-start the National Project in Japan!

Review and Check Basic Ideas

Proposal of dc SC transmission line

Cost/Power ac Cu power cable

dc Cu power cable y0: Initial cost of ac Cu cable system

y1: Initial cost of dc Cu cable system

y0 y2: Initial cost of dc SC cable system

for long distance,

dc Power Transmission in World

Pacific intertie 1361km

Ultra high Voltage system

総合電気雑誌 OHM 1999 / 1 p.45 図１より引用

Development of Electric Power

300GW until 2020

Merit & demerit

VVVF inverter TIFFÅià•

Low Cost Inverter(2)

Switiching Device Device Circuit Cirucit

Honsyu-Hokkaido 168 km SCR < 1 kHz 4 kV 1.5 kA ±250 kV 1.2 kA 0.6 GW

Honsyu-Sikoku 102 km SCR < 1 kHz 8 kV 3.5 kA ±500 kV 2.8 kA 2.8 GW

Ekibatsusute-centa 2,400 km SCR < 1 kHz ±750 kV 6.0 GW

dc power transmission: High Voltage/series connection

EV : Low Voltage / series and parallel connection

Low Cost Inverter(3)

EV’s inverter is better for the parallel

Ultra High Voltage: ±250kV

Single Phase cable

Structure is similar to SC cable!

Subjects of dc SC cable system

Keep low temperature for long distance

Criticism of Sumitomo’s SC cable

Criticism of Furukawa’s SC cable

outer pipe insulator

Our design of SC cable

No Shield Layer (low cost)

Connections of Current Lead, 2005/08/03

HTS tape and Inverter

Connection of dc SC cable system

dc Single Phase connection for SC cable

Electric Power Storage

high current and high inductance is better to

Low Cost & SMES Pipe Line

Storage Energy ~ 230MJ for 20kA, 100km

Peltier Current Lead

copper lead 42.5 23.3

PCL 27.8 18.6 Heat leak for 77K unit(mW/A)

We plan not to use liquid N2 to reduce the heat leak

Reality of dc SC cable system

Present Experimental Plan

Temp. < 77K

From 2005.4 to 2010.3 Cryostat