Group Members:

Zerah Tandoy
Juicy Ameller
Wendy Delim
Misuari Labadia
 Pigeon
Pea
Common Names: Pigeon Pea,
Congo Pea, Red Gram, No-Eye
Pea, Tropical Green Pea, Gungo
Pea in Jamaica, Arhar in India,
and Kadios in the Philippines.
Botanical Name:Cajanus cajan
syn. Cajanus indicus
Family: Fabaceae
Origin
The cultivation of the pigeon pea goes back at least 3,500
years. The centre of origin is probably peninsular India, where the
closest wild relatives (Cajanus cajanifolia) occur in tropical
deciduous woodlands. Archaeological finds of pigeon pea dating to
about 3400 years ago (14th century BC) have been found at
Neolithic sites in Karnataka and its border areas (Tuljapur Garhi in
Maharashtra and Gopalpur in Orissa) and also the south Indian
states such as Kerala, where it is called Tomara Payaru. From India
it traveled to East Africa and West Africa. There, it was first
encountered by Europeans, so it obtained the name Congo Pea.
By means of the slave trade, it came to the American continent,
probably in the 17th century.
 Pigeon pea better known as “kadios” here in
the Philippines, is a minor crop that is usually grown
in backyards or some insignificant portion of the
farm. Actually, however, it is one crop that has a big
potential, both for small-scale and large-scale
production. Pigeon pea is not only a vegetable crop
but also for other agricultural purposes. It is a super
crop for dryland agriculture because it is an
excellent animal feed aside from being a protein-rich
human food. It is also useful in increasing soil
fertility, in preventing soil erosion, and in
suppressing weeds in upland farms. Of course, the
main reason why pigeon pea should be produced by
more farmers is its importance as nutritious food.
Young pods as well as mature fresh are cooked in
dishes together with other vegetables.
 Plant
Description:
• The plant is a short lived
perennial shrub. It grows to
two to four metres and lives
for about five years. The
flowers are yellow or yellow
and red. The leaves consist of
three leaflets and are a dark
green above and silvery
underneath.
 Plant
Description:
• The fruits are pods,
containing four to five
seeds. The seeds can
be a range of colours:
light brown, but they
can be cream, grey,
purple or black,
depending on the
variety.
Varieties
 It is fortunate that a Filipino, Dr. William Dar is
the head of ICRISAT (International Crops
Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics)
that is based in India where research studies on
pigeon pea and other crops for drylands are
conducted. A new high-yielding varieties have been
introduced in the Philippines. A local program has
been started to promote the production of this crop.
NEW HYBRID AND VARIETIES
OF PIGEONPEA
• ICPH 2740 - The hybrid possess resistance to wilt and sterility mosaic diseases and is
suitable for deep black soils of the state. With a yield potential of 3.5 tons per ha it registered
a 40% yield increase over the local cultivars.
• ICPL 14003 (PRG 176) - The variety has yield potential of 2.5 tons per ha and
matures in 130 days. It is resistant to terminal drought and is suitable for light chalka soils
(light red soils with low water retention).
• ICPL 332 WR (TDRG 4) - This variety has a yield potential of 3 tons per ha and is
suitable for sandy loam soils. It is resistant to wilt and tolerant to Helicoverpa.
• ICP 7035 - A perennial plant, meaning it will stay productive for several years. It
produces a lot of fruiting branches resulting in high yields. The fruits come in bunches.
• ICP 88039 - This bears fruits throughout the year as it is not sensitive to the length of
daylight. It is very resistant to drought because it is very deep-rooted.
 Extra-short-duration varieties
of pigeon pea released in India
Variety Pedigree Year of release Time to maturity Characteristics
(State) (days)

UPAS-120 Selection 1976 (UP) 120-140 Nondeterminate, yield 1.5-1.8 t

from P 4758 ha
Pant A3 - 1975n (UP) 120-130 Semierrect, determinate, dwarf
3-4 seeds pod

Prabhat TI X T 190 1975 (UP) 110-120 Determinate, dwarf (100-120

cm) , clustered fruiting, yield
1.2-1.5 t ha

ICPL 87 T21x JA 277 1986 (Penin. 120-130 Determinate, 10.5 g (100 seed)
(Pragati) India) brown seeded, potential yield
2.5-3.0 t ha
ICPL 151 ICP 6997 x 1990 120-130 Determinate, 10.5 g (100 seed)
(Jagriti) Prabhat (NW India) cream color, potential yield 2.5-
3.0 t ha
 Short-duration varieties of
pigeon pea released in India.
Year of release Time to maturity
Variety Pedigree Characteristics
(State) (days)
Brazil 1-1 x T190
Dwarf compact plant, determinate,
Pusa Ageti 1971 150-160 bold seeded 9 g (100 seed)
4-5 seeds pod potential yield 2.5 t ha
1961 (UP)
Semi-spreading, loose plant and
T21 TI x T190 150-170 indeterminate branching. Small
seeded, 7 g (100 seed)
1978 (AP) Semi-errect tall, purple stem, white
seed, bold, 11-12 g (100 seed)
HY2 PI 4628 140-150
potential yield 2.5-2.7 t ha average
1.3-1.9 t ha
Pusa 84 Pusa Ageti x T21 1980 (N zone)
Medium tall, semi-spreading, 3-4
140-150 pod-1, 7.5 g (100 seed)
brown seeded.
Local 1970
C01
(Tamil Nadu) (TN) Photoinsensitive, brown seeded, 7 g
135-140 (100 seed)- 1, average yield 1.5 t ha-
1.
 Medium-duration varieties of
pigeon pea developed in India.
Year of release Time to maturity
Variety Pedigree Characteristics
(State) (days)
Spreading, purple stem, white seed,
HY 1 PI 3704 1975 (AP) 160-170 potential yield1.9-2 t ha average 1.2-1.5 t
ha
Erect tall plant (230-240 c m ) , green stem,
white bold seeded, 18-20 g potential yield
HY 3A PI 2817-1A 1980 (AP) 160-170
3.0-4.0 t ha
average yield 1.6-2.0 t ha
Semi-erect, purple stem, medium height
HY 5 PI 3701 1980 (AP) 160-170
(170 cm ) , brown seeded,
Medium tall (172-194 cm),potential yield
AS 71-37 Local selection 1981 (MP) 165-195
3.0 t ha, ave. 1.65 t ha
1978 Semi-spreading, wilt resistant height (200-
BDN 1 Local selection 160-179
(Maharashtra) 220 cm)
Semi-compact, Potential yield 2.5 t ha
S20 Kanke 1XB7 1976 (WB) 180-190
average yield 1.7 t ha
 Late-duration varieties of
pigeon pea released in India.

Year of release Time to maturity

Variety Pedigree Characteristics
(State) (days)
Medium tall, profuse branching,
C11 Local selection (AP) 200-220
spreading, brown seed,
Compact, semi-erect plant,
brown round selection 4-5
Bahar D1258 X Local 1973 (Bihar) 220-240
seeds pod- yield potential 3 t ha
average yield 2.25 t ha
Perennial, semi-spreading,
Laxmi field tolerant to wilt,
BR-183X Local 1974(WB) 180-220
(Kanke-3) potential yield 2 t ha
average yield 1.75 t ha
Tall 250-300 cm, spreading,
Gwalior 3 Local selection 1960/ 1980 (MP) 270> light brown seed, 7-8 g (100
seed)
Uses
• Food; seeds are 25% protein, can be eaten fresh or as split dried peas, are
used for dhal in India, contain 5 times more Vitamin A and C than green
peas. The leaves and young shoots can be eaten cooked, they are fibrous
and have a strong spicy odor.
• Animal Fodder; an excellent feed for cattle, pigs and poultry.
• Green Manure; incorporate the plants as they flower.
• Mulch production; can be cut many times in a season.
• Alley cropping; provides nitrogen, habitat and soil stabilization.
• Windbreaks; suitable as a shelterbelt around vegetable gardens.
• Considered an environmentally beneficial plant as it can enrich soil.
• Fixes atmospheric nitrogen
Cultural Practices for
Pigeon Pea
Production
• Recommended Planting Time: Spring,
or during the wet season, soil
temperature should be at least 25°C
for germination, a higher soil
temperature will give a more even
germination.
• Ideal soil pH should be about 6.5 - 7
• Details: Soaking seeds overnight will
improve germination. Protect young
plants from all grazing animals.
Cultural Practices for
Pigeon Pea Production
• Inoculant: A group of bacteria called
Rhizobium live in a symbiotic relationship
with many legumes. This is a big
advantage to the plant, as it is able, once
inoculated, to produce its own nitrogen,
from the soil air. The bacteria are stored in
peat, and as this is a living culture, it must
be treated with care. It should be stored in
the fridge and used within 3 months. Do
not separate from the seed packet as the
inoculant attached is specific to the
individual legume. To use, moisten the
seed with a small amount of milk or water
and stir in the inoculant until seeds are
coated. Do not inoculate the seed until
you are ready to sow it and do not leave
the inoculated seed in the sun.
Cultural Practices for
Pigeon Pea Production
• The seeds take about two to
three weeks to germinate.
Germination is faster in warm
soils and takes longer in
cooler climates.
• Initially the plant grows very
slowly. For about three
months it will look like nothing
much is happening, but then
they take off.
Cultural Practices for
Pigeon Pea Production
• Fertilizer:
On phosphorus-deficient soils, apply
phosphate fertilizer such as Solphos. Zinc
deficiency may occur on alkaline clay soils.
Application of foliar zinc in this situation will
result in a quick response. Soil applications
can overcome zinc deficiency for 5 years
and longer. Pigeon pea hosts VAM fungi,
allowing the crop to gain access to
phosphorus and zinc in the soil and fertilizer.
Cultural Practices for
Pigeon Pea Production
• Weed Control:
As mentioned previously,
pigeon pea grows slowly as a
seedling, and as such is a poor
competitor with weeds. There are a
number of herbicides available for
grass and broadleaf weed control.
Inter-row cultivation can be used
successfully when the crop is sown
in wide rows.
Cultural Practices for
Pigeon Pea Production
• Flowering and Harvest: Plants
can start flowering in as little
as two months, and you could
theoretically harvest the first
seeds after three to four
months. However, depending
on the variety and the planting
time can take a lot longer, up
to eight months.
Pests
 Aphids (Cowpea aphid, Pea aphid, etc.)
Aphis craccivora
Acyrthosiphon pisum

Symptoms
• Small soft bodied insects on underside of leaves and/or stems of plant; usually green or yellow in color, but
may be pink, brown, red or black depending on species and host plant; if aphid infestation is heavy it may
cause leaves to yellow and/or distorted, necrotic spots on leaves and/or stunted shoots; aphids secrete a
sticky, sugary substance called honeydew which encourages the growth of sooty mold on the plants
Cause
• Insect
Comments
• Distinguishing features include the presence of cornicles (tubular structures) which project backwards from the
body of the aphid; will generally not move very quickly when disturbed
Management
• If aphid population is limited to just a few leaves or shoots then the infestation can be pruned out to provide
control; check transplants for aphids before planting; use tolerant varieties if available; reflective mulches such
as silver colored plastic can deter aphids from feeding on plants; sturdy plants can be sprayed with a strong jet
of water to knock aphids from leaves; insecticides are generally only required to treat aphids if the infestation is
very high - plants generally tolerate low and medium level infestation; insecticidal soaps or oils such as neem
or canola oil are usually the best method of control; always check the labels of the products for specific usage
guidelines prior to use
 Armyworms (Beet armyworm, Western
striped armyworm)
Spodoptera exigua
Spodoptera praefica
Symptoms
• Singular, or closely grouped circular to irregularly shaped holes in foliage; heavy feeding by young larvae leads
to skeletonized leaves; shallow, dry wounds on fruit; egg clusters of 50-150 eggs may be present on the
leaves; egg clusters are covered in a whitish scale which gives the cluster a cottony or fuzzy appearance;
young larvae are pale green to yellow in color while older larvae are generally darker green with a dark and
light line running along the side of their body and a pink or yellow underside
Cause
• Insect
Comments
• Insect can go through 3–5 generations a year
Management
• Organic methods of controlling armyworms include biological control by natural enemies which parasitize the
larvae and the application of Bacillus thuringiensis; there are chemicals available for commercial control but
many that are available for the home garden do not provide adequate control of the larvae
 Earworm
Helicoverpa zea

Symptoms
• Larvae damage leaves, buds, flowers, pods and beans; young caterpillars
are cream-white in color with a black head and black hairs; older larvae
may be yellow-green to almost black in color with fine white lines along
their body and black spots at the base of hairs; eggs are laid singly on
both upper and lower leaf surfaces and are initially creamy white but
develop a brown-red ring after 24 hours and darken prior to hatching
Cause
• Insect
Comments
• Adult insect is a pale green to tan, medium sized moth; insect is also very
damaging pests of corn; insect overwinters as pupae in the soil
Management
• Monitor plants for eggs and young larvae and also natural enemies that
could be damaged by chemicals; Bacillus thuringiensis or Entrust SC may
be applied to control insects on organically grown plants; appropriate
chemical treatment may be required for control in commercial plantations
 Cutworms
Agrotis spp.
Peridroma saucia
Nephelodes minians
Symptoms
• Stems of young transplants or seedlings may be severed at soil line; if infection occurs later, irregular holes are
eaten into the surface of fruits; larvae causing the damage are usually active at night and hide during the day in
the soil at the base of the plants or in plant debris of toppled plant; larvae are 2.5–5.0 cm (1–2 in) in length;
larvae may exhibit a variety of patterns and coloration but will usually curl up into a C-shape when disturbed
Cause
• Insect
Comments
• Cutworms have a wide host range and attack vegetables including asparagus, bean, cabbage and other
crucifers, carrot, celery, corn, lettuce, pea, pepper, potato and tomato
Management
• Remove all plant residue from soil after harvest or at least two weeks before planting, this is especially
important if the previous crop was another host such as alfalfa, beans or a leguminous cover crop; plastic or
foil collars fitted around plant stems to cover the bottom 3 inches above the soil line and extending a couple of
inches into the soil can prevent larvae severing plants; hand-pick larvae after dark; spread diatomaceous earth
around the base of the plants (this creates a sharp barrier that will cut the insects if they try and crawl over it);
apply appropriate insecticides to infested areas of garden or field if not growing organically
 Leafminers
Lyriomyza spp

Symptoms
Thin, white, winding trails on leaves; heavy mining can result in
white blotches on leaves and leaves dropping from the plant
prematurely; early infestation can cause fruit yield to be reduced;
adult leafminer is a small black and yellow fly which lays its eggs in
the leaf; larvae hatch and feed on leaf interior
Cause
Insects
Comments
Mature larvae drop from leaves into soil to pupate; entire lifecycle
can take as little as 2 weeks in warm weather; insect may go
through 7 to 10 generations per year
Management
Check transplants for signs of leafminer damage prior to planting;
remove plants from soil immediately after harvest; only use
insecticides when leafminer damage has been identified as
unnecessary spraying will also reduce populations of their natural
enemies
Diseases
 Alternaria blight
Alternaria alternata
Symptoms
• Small irregular brown lesions on leaves which expand and turn
gray-brown or dark brown with concentric zones; older areas of
lesions may dry out and drop from leaves causing shot hole; lesions
coalesce to form large necrotic patches
Cause
• Fungus
Comments
• Disease emergence favored by high humidity and warm
temperatures; plants grown in nitrogen and potassium deficient soils
are more susceptible
Management
• Plant beans in fertile soil; foliar fungicide application may be
required in order to control the disease
 Wilt
Fusarium udum
Symptoms
• Sudden yellowing of leaves; death
of leaves; plant death; blackened
tissue at base of stem; symptoms
may be present on only one side of
plant
Cause
• Fungus
Comments
• Fungus can survive in soil for
several years
Management
• Practice long term crop rotation;
avoid over or under watering plants
 Anthracnose
Colletotrichum spp.
Symptoms
• Small, dark brown to black lesions on cotyledons; oval or eye-shaped lesions on stems which
turn sunken and brown with purple to red margins; stems may break if cankers weaken stem;
pods drying and shrinking above areas of visible symptoms; reddish brown spots on pods
which become circular and sunken with rust colored margin
Cause
• Fungus
Comments
• Disease transmitted through infected seed; fungus can survive in crop debris in soil and
reinfect crop the following season
Management
• Plant resistant varieties; use certified disease free seed; avoid sprinkler irrigation, water plants
at base; plow bean crop debris into soil
White mold (Sclerotinia rot)
Sclerotinia sclerotum
Symptoms
• Flowers covered in white, cottony fungal growth; small, circular, dark green, water-soaked
lesions on pods leaves and branches which enlarge and become slimy; cottony white growth
may be visible on lesions during periods of high humidity; death of branches and/or entire
plant
Cause
• Fungus
Comments
• Fungus can survive in soil for in excess of 5 years; disease can be spread by wind,
contaminated irrigation water and by infected seeds
Management
• Rotate crops with non-hosts like cereals and corn; plant rows parallel to direction of prevailing
winds to prevent spread of disease from secondary hosts nearby; avoid excessive nitrogen
fertilizer; use a wide row spacing
Health Benefits of
Pigeon Peas
• Regulate Blood Pressure
• Growth and Development
• Prevent Anemia
• Anti-inflammatory Properties
• Weight Loss
• Boost Energy
• Strengthen Immune System
• Heart Health
• Improve Digestion
References:
• http://www.tropicalpermaculture.com/pigeon-pea.html
• http://greenharvest.com.au/PoultrySupplies/Information/
PigeonPeaGrowingInformation.html
• https://www.organicfacts.net/health-
benefits/other/pigeon-peas.html
• http://eol.org/pages/643268/details
• http://www.pinoy-entrepreneur.com/2010/07/27/pigeon-
pea-or-kadios-production/
• http://agropedia.iitk.ac.in/content/pigeon-pea
• https://plantvillage.org/topics/pigeon-pea/infos