Submitted by:

Shivam Mishra (1508260)

Shashikant Kumar (1508259)
Rajinish Kumar (1508253)
FILE TYPES
MATLAB has three types of files for storing information:

M - FILES
 M-files are standard ASCII text files, with a .m extension to the filename.
 There are two types of these files: script files and function files
 Most programs you write in MATLAB are saved as M-files. All built-in functions in MATLAB are M-
files, most of which reside on your computer in precompiled format.

MAT FILES
 Mat-files are binary data-files, with a .mat extension to the filename.
 These are created by MATLAB when you save data with the save command.
 The data is written in a special format that only MATLAB can read.

MEX FILES
 Mex-files are MATLAB-callable Fortran and C programs, with a .mex extension to the filename.
 Use of these files requires some experience with MATLAB
DISPLAY WINDOW
MATLAB VARIABLES
 Variable names:

 Must start with a letter.

 May contain only letters, digits, and the underscore.

 Matlab is case sensitive, i.e. var1 & VAR1 are different variables.

 Assignment statement:

 Variable = number;

 Variable = expression;

 To check the Max length supported by current MATLAB version “namelengthmax”

 MATLAB is a weakly typed language No need to declare variables!

VARIABLES
 Variable can’t have the same name of keyword
 Use “iskeyword” to list all keywords
 Built-in variables. Don’t use these names!
 i and j can be used to indicate complex numbers
 Pi has the value 3.1415
 ans stores the last unassigned value (like on a calculator)
 Inf and –Inf are positive and negative infinity
 NaN represents ‘Not a Number’

Example:
>> tutorial = 1234;
>> tutorial = 1234
tutorial =
1234
ARRAY
Like other programming languages, arrays are an important
part of MATLAB

Two types of arrays:

1. Matrix of numbers (either double or complex)

2. Cell array of objects (more advanced data structure)

VECTOR
 ROW VECTOR

 comma or space separated values between brackets

»row = [1 2 5.4 -6.6]

»row = [1, 2, 5.4, -6.6];

 COLUMN VECTOR

 Semicolon separated values between brackets

»column = [4;2;7;4]
The difference between a row and a column vector can get
by:

 Looking in the workspace

 Displaying the variable in the command window

 Using the size function

>>size(row) >>size(column)

 To get a vector's length, use the length function

>>length(row) >>length(column)
MATRIX
 Make matrices like vectors

 Element by element

» a= [1 2;3 4];
OPERATIONS
 Arithmetic Operators: + - * / \ ^ ‘

 Relational Operators: < > <= >= == ~=

 Logical Operators: Element wise & | ~

 Colon: (:)
 Addition and subtraction are element-wise “sizes must match”:

 All the functions that work on scalars also work on vectors

»t = [1 2 3];
»f = exp(t);
is the same as
»f = [exp(1) exp(2) exp(3)];
INDEXING
 MATLAB indexing starts with 1, not 0
 a(n) returns the nth element

 The index argument can be a vector. In this case, each element

is looked up individually, and returned as a vector of the same
size as the index vector.
INDEXING

 To select rows or columns of a matrix:

MATLAB SCRIPTS
Scripts are collection of commands
 executed in sequence
 written in the MATLAB editor
 saved as MATLAB files (.m extension)
To create an MATLAB file from command-line
»edit helloWorld.m.
 or click
MATLAB SCRIPTS
Click on New Creates Blank
Script Script File
MATLAB SCRIPTS
COMMENT!
 Anything following a % is seen as a comment

 The first contiguous comment becomes the script's help file

 Comment thoroughly to avoid wasting time later

 All variables created and modified in a script exist in the

workspace even after it has stopped running
EXAMPLE TO WRITE A SCRIPT FILE
% To compute area and circumference of a circle
% File written by Shivam Mishra. Last modified 10/02/19
% -------------------------
Radius = 4;
Area = pi*radius^2;
disp(‘area=‘); disp(area);
Circum = 2*pi*Radius;
disp(‘circum=‘); disp(circum);
EXAMPLE
Solutions to Systems of Linear Equations
Question

A system of 3 linear equations with 3 unknowns (x1, x2, x3):

3x1 + 2x2 – x3 = 10
-x1 + 3x2 + 2x3 = 5
x1 – x2 – x3 = -1
SOLUTION
Let :
3 2 1  x1  10 
A   1 3 2  x   x2  b 5 
     
 1  1  1  x3   1

Then, the system can be described as:

Ax = b
 Solution by Matrix Inverse: • Solution by Matrix Division:
Ax = b The solution to the equation
A-1Ax = A-1b Ax = b
x = A-1b can be computed using left division.

 MATLAB:  MATLAB:
>> A = [ 3 2 -1; -1 3 2; 1 -1 -1]; >> A = [ 3 2 -1; -1 3 2; 1 -1 -1];
>> b = [ 10; 5; -1]; >> b = [ 10; 5; -1];
>> x = inv(A)*b >> x = A\b
x= x=
-2.0000 -2.0000
5.0000 5.0000
-6.0000 -6.0000

Answer: Answer:
x1 = -2, x2 = 5, x3 = -6 x1 = -2, x2 = 5, x3 = -6
FLOW CONTROL: If...else
Example: (if…else and elseif clauses)
if temperature > 100
disp (‘Too hot – equipment malfunctioning.’)
elseif temperature > 90
disp (‘Normal operating range.’);
else
disp (‘Too cold – turn off equipment.’)
end
FLOW CONTROL: LOOPS
•Example (for loop):
 for loop for t = 1:5000
for variable = expression y(t) = sin (2*pi*t/10);
commands end
end •Example (while loop):
EPS = 1;
 while loop while ( 1+EPS) >1
while expression EPS = EPS/2;
commands end
EPS = 2*EPS
end

 the break statement

break – is used to terminate the execution of the loop.
SIMPLE CALCULATION IN MATLAB
OUTPUT FORMAT
Though computations inside MATLAB are performed using double
precision, the appearance of floating point numbers on the screen is controlled
by the output format in use.
There are several different screen output formats.
The following shows the printed value of 10π in 7 different formats.

 format short 31.4159

 format short e 3.1416e+001
 format long 31.41592653589793
 format long e 3.141592653589793e+001
 format short g 31.416
 format long g 31.4159265358979
 format rat 3550/113
CALCULATION WITH VECTOR
Thank you